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1.Iceberg:{Edward.7.Hall.--Thesilenceoflanguage标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始}Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight(belowthewaterline).Likewise,nine-tenthsofcultureisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theout-of-awarenesspartissometimescalled“deepculture”.Thispartoftheculturalicebergishiddenbelowthewaterandisthusbelowthelevelofconsciousness.Peoplelearnthispartofculturethroughimitatingmodels./Abovethewater:whattoeat,howtodress,howtokeephealthy；Belowthewater:belief,values,worldviewandlifeview,moralemotion,attitudepersonalty2.Stereotype:定型主义astereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Inotherwords,itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.3.Ethnocentrism:民族中心主义Ethnocentrismisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.Itreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithourin-groupandtoevaluateout-groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard.4.Culture:Culturecanbedefinedasthecoherent,learned,sharedviewofgroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.5.Culturalvalues:Valuesinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefineswhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.6.Worldview:Aworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwith“being”.7.SocialOrganizations:Themannerinwhichacultureorganizesitselfisdirectlyrelatedtotheinstitutionwithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovermentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehoeyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithinthatworld.8.Globalization:referstotheestablishmentofaworldeconomy,inwhichnationalbordersarebecominglessandlessimportantastransnationalcorporations,existingeverywhereandnowhere,dobusinessinaglobalmarket.9.Communication:Communicationisanybehaviorthatisperceivedbyothers.Soitcanbeverbalandnonverbal,informativeorpersuasive,frighteningoramusing,clearorunclear,purposefuloraccidental,communicationisourlinktotherestofthehumanity.Itpervadeseverythingwedo.10.Elementsofcommunicationprocess:交流过程的基本原理（1）.context:Theinterrelatedconditionsofcommunicationmakeupwhatisknownascontext.（2）.Theparticipants:incommunicationplaytherolesofsenderandreceiver,sometimes—asinface-to-facecommunication—ofthemessagessimultaneously.（3）.messages:arefarmorecomplex.Theyincludetheelementsofmeanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.（4）.Achannels:isboththeroutetraveledbythemessagesandthemeansoftransportation.Wemayusesound,sight,smell,taste,touch,oranycombinationofthesetocarryamessage.（5）.noise:isanystimulus,externalorinternaltotheparticipants,thatinterfereswiththesharingofmeaning.Externalnoise:sight,sound…Internalnoise:thoughts,feeling…Semanticnoise:unintendedmeaningarousedbycertainverbalsymbolscaninhibittheaccuracyofdecoding.（6）.Feedback:Asreceiversattempttodecodethemeaningofmessages,theyarelikelytogivesomekindofverbalornonverbalresponse.Thisresponse,calledfeedback,tellsthesenderwhetherthemassagehasbeenheard,seen,orunderstood.11.AbrahamMslow(亚伯拉罕•马斯洛)–fivebasicneeds五个需求1.physiologicalneeds—food,water,air,rest,clothing,shelter,andallnecessarytosustainlife2.safetyneeds—physicallysafe,psychologicallysecure3.belongingnessneeds—acceptedbyotherpeopleandneedstobelongtoagrouporgroups.4.esteemneeds—recognition,respect,reputation5.self-actualizationneeds-thehighestneedofaperson12.CultureDimensions文化维度ChinaAmericaIndividualism个人VSCollectivism集体CDX:obligationtothegroup,dependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinsitutions,a“we”consciousness,anemphasisonbelonging.Eg.Pakistan,WestAfeicanoutgroupIDX:independence,privacy,self,theallimportantI.eg.Australia,theNetherlands,theUnitedStatesingroupUncertaintyavoidance避免不确定性Low-UAIs:intoleratingpeople,intakingrisks,tryingnewthings.Eg.Denmark,Jamaica,Ireland,SingaporeHighUAIs:nottoleratedissent,ensurecertaintyandsecuritythroughextensivesetofrules,regulations,andrituals.Eg.Greece,Guatemala,PortugalPowerdistance权力距离High-PDIs:theactionsofauthorities,socialhierarchy.Eg.Guatemala,Malaysia,ThePhilippinesLow-PDIs:usingpoweronlyforlegitimatepurpose.Eg.Australia,theNetherlands,Denmark,IsraelMasculinity阳刚VSfemininity柔美High-MAS:believeinachievementandambitioninjudgingpeopleonthebasisoftheirperformance;intherighttodisplaythematerialgoodsthattheyhavebeenacquired.Eg.Australia,Italy,Japan,MexicoLow-MAS:believelessinexternalachievementsandshowsofmanliness;moreintheimportanceoflifechoicesthatimproveintrinsicaspectsofthequalityoflife.Eg.Chile,Portugal,Sweden,ThailandLong-term长期VS短期Short-termorientationLong-term:lifevaluesocialorderandlong-rangegoals;admirepersistence,thriftiness,humility;asenseofsh