大学英语跨文化交际chapter7-Cultural-Patterns-28

大学英语跨文化交际Chapter7CulturalPatternsQuestionsforChapter5Howdoyoudistinguishelaborate,exacting,andsuccinctstyles?WhichinterpretationofSapir-WhorfHypothesisdoyouthinkismorebelievable,thelinguisticdeterministorthelinguisticrelativity?CanyougiveoneexampleofwordsinEnglishthatwereimportedintoChinesealongwiththeirculturalvalues?QuestionsforChapter6Whydoyouthinknon-verbalcommunicationisimportant?Canyourecallfivecategoriesofnon-verbalcommunicationandprovideashortexplanationaftereachcategory?Whatarethefunctionsofnon-verbalcommunication?CulturalPatternsBeliefsValuesHuman-NaturePerson-NatureComponentsEdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationDefinitionNormsSocialPracticesTimeActivityRelationalIndividualismandCollectivismUncertaintyAvoidancePowerdistanceMasculinity–FemininityHigh-contextLow-contextWaysofThinkingWaysofActingHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityChapter7CulturalPatternsTextA:DefiningculturalpatternsChapter7CulturalPatternsValuesValuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Chapter7CulturalPatternsNormsNormsarethesociallysharedexpectationsofappropriatebehaviors.Normsmaychangeoveraperiodoftime,whereasbeliefsandvaluestendtobemuchmoreenduring.Chapter7CulturalPatternsSocialPracticesSocialpracticesarethepredictablebehaviorpatternsthatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow.Thus,socialpracticesaretheoutwardmanifestationsofbeliefs,values,andnorms.Chapter7CulturalPatternsTextC:EdwardT.Hall’sContext-culturetheory1）Thedefinitionofcontext:“theinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”2）Categorizationofhigh-contextcultureandlow-contextculturedependingonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingsorfromthewordsbeingexchanged.Chapter7CulturalPatternsHigh-contextcultureHighcontext(HC)culturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividual’sinternalizedbeliefs,values,normsandsocialpractices;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.TeaCeremonyChapter7CulturalPatternsHigh-contextcultureAnexampleofhigh-contextcommunicationisinteractionsthattakeplaceinalong-termrelationshipbetweentwopeoplewhoareoftenabletointerpreteventheslightestgestureorthebriefestcomment.Themessagedoesnotneedtobestatedexplicitlybecauseitiscarriedinthesharedunderstandingabouttherelationship.Chapter7CulturalPatternsLow-contextcultureLowcontext(LC)culturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.AnAmericanstandingonchairinrestaurantgivingspeechathisleavinghishometownChapter7CulturalPatternsLow-contextcultureAnexampleoflow-contextcommunicationisnowexperiencedbymoreandmorepeopleastheyinteractwithcomputers.Forcomputersto“understand”amessage,everystatementmustbeprecise.Manycomputerswillnotacceptorrespondtoinstructionsthatdonothaveeveryspace,period,letterandnumberinpreciselytherightlocation.Themessagemustbeovertandveryexplicit.Chapter7CulturalPatternsqCulturesArrangedAlongtheHigh-ContextandLow-ContextDimensionHigh-ContextCulturesJapaneseChineseKoreanAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanArabGreekLatinItalianEnglishFrenchAmericanScandinavianGermanGerman-SwissLower-ContextCulturesChapter7CulturalPatternsWhat’sthevaluesreflectedinthefollowingproverbs?Bloodisthickerthanwater.Timeismoney.Aman’shouseishiscastle.Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.人之初，性本善。天人感应。一人得道，鸡犬升天。以人为鉴，可以明得失；以史为鉴，可以知兴替。Chapter7CulturalPatternsHinduethics1.Human-natureorientation2.Person-natureorientation3.Timeorientation4.Activityorientation5.RelationalorientationTextD:KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’svalueorientationChapter7CulturalPatterns1.Humannatureorientation(1)Humansareevilbutchangeable,(2)humansareevilandunchangeable,(3)humansareneutralwithrespecttogoodandevil,(4)humansareamixtureofgoodandevil,(5)humansaregoodbutchangeable,and(6)humansaregoodandunchangeable.goodbutcorruptibleevilbutperfectibleChapter7CulturalPatterns2.Person-natureorientation(1)masterywithnature（注：图片为愚公移山）(2)harmonywithnature（注：图片为中药材）(3)subjugationtonature（注：图片为印尼海啸）subjugationtonatureharmonywithnaturemasterywithnatureChapter7CulturalPatterns3.Timeorientationa.Value-PastOrientationValuetradition,worshipancestors,emphasizestrongfamilyties,favoraristocraticorigin.b.Value-PresentOrientationThepastisseenasunimportantandthefutureisseenasunpredictable.Onlyhereandnowisreal.c.Value-FutureOrientationChangeisvaluedhighly.Futureisviewedasbetter,whilepastbeingold-fashioned.Chapter7CulturalPatterns4.Activityorientationa.Value-DoingOrientationb.Focusingonthoseactivitieswhichhaveoutcomes.Whatdidhedo?Whathasheaccomplished?b.Value-BeingOrientationWhoishe?c.Value-Being-in-BecomingOrientationStrivingforanintegratedwholeinthedevelopmentoftheself.Chapter7CulturalPatterns5.Relationalorientationa.Value-IndividualismOrientationb.Focusingonindividualgoalsandobjectivesb.Value-LinealityOrientationFocusing