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被动语态主动语态和被动语态一、主动语态和被动语态•主语和谓语有时是主动关系，即主语是动作的执行者，如：Everybodyrespectshim.人人都尊敬他。•有时也可以是被动关系，即主语是动作的承受者，如：Heisrespectedbyeverybody.他受到大家的尊敬。•第一句的谓语为主动语态，第二句的谓语为被动语态。就句子来说，前一句是主动结构，后一句为被动结构。被动结构句子中的主语是主动结构句子中的宾语。•这类句子有些有by引导的状语，如：Thesupermarketisrunbyayounglady.这家超市是一位年轻的女士经营的。TheplaywaswrittenbyCaoYu.这个戏是曹禺写的。•但有些却没有如:Theyweregivenawarmwelcome.他们受到热烈的欢迎。ShewasborninHunanProvince.她出生于湖南省。从这些句子中也可以看出，被动词态由“be+过去分词”构成，时态由be表现出来。二、哪些动词可用于被动语态•一般说来及物动词可用于被动语态，因为及物动词有宾语，把宾语变为主语，句子即可改为被动结构：Someonebrokethewindow.Thewindowwasbroken.Theykilledtwobirdslastnight.Twobirdswerekilledlastnight.主动结构被动结构•不及物动词若与介词结合可构成成语动词，这时就可以有宾语，因而也就可以用于被动结构：Wearelookingintothecase.Thecaseisbeinglookedinto.Heoperatedonheryesterday.Shewasoperatedonyesterday.•由情态动词等构成的谓语也可以用于被动结构：Wecan’tdoitinaday.Itcan’tbedoneinaday.Weshouldrevisetheplan.Theplanshouldberevised.•非谓语动词，由于不是谓语，不能改为被动语态，但可改为被动形式：Ihavenothingtodo.Thereisnothingtobedone.Shehatedlivingalone.Shehatedbeingtreatedlikethat.各个时态的被动语态1.一般时态的被动语态I.一般现在时的被动语态——am/is/are+过去分词Iamgivenalotofworktodo.YouareinvitedtogiveusatalkinEnglish.TheboyiscalledSandy.II.一般过去时的被动语态——was/were+过去分词ThebookwaswirttenbyDickens.Theyweregivenawarmsend-offattheairport.III.一般将来时的被动语态——will(shall)be+过去分词Whenwilltheprojectbecompleted?ShallIbeallowedtogowithyou?IV.一般过去将来时的被动语态——wouldbe+过去分词Ididn’texpectthatIwouldbeaskedtospeak.Weweresurethathewouldbepunished.2.进行时的被动语态I.现在进行时的被动语态——am/is/are+being+过去分词I’mbeingtroubledbyhisbehaviour.Theroadisbeingrepaired.Theyarebeinginterrogatedbythepolice.II.过去进行时的被动语态——was/were+being+过去分词Hewasbeinglookedafterbyhissister.Theseancientbuildingswerebeingrenovated(翻修).3.完成时的被动语态I.现在完成时的被动语态——has/have+been+过去分词MybrotherhasbeensenttoworkinTibet.They’vebeenwarnednottoswimthere.II.过去完成时的被动语态——had+been+过去分词Hetoldmethatthefactoryhadbeencloseddown.其他时态或没有被动语态，或极少用被动语态。各种结构的被动形式一带情态动词的被动结构can,could,may,might,must,mustn’t,should,needn’t等都可构成被动结构。eg:①Thiscan’tbedoneinashorttime.②Shemightbesenttoworkabroad.③Thesecondpointneedn’tbementioned.二一些不定式结构的被动形式。由oughtto,begoingto,has(have,had)to,be+不定式，besureto,beaboutto构成的被动结构eg:①Heoughttobegivenachancetotry.②Manyproblemshavetobediscussedatthemeeting.③Thisbookistobepublishednextyear.④Thesedifficultiesaresuretobeovercome.三成语动词的被动结构及物动词+副词，动词+介词，动词+副词（名词）+介词eg:①ThistheoryofrelativitywasputforwardbyEinstein.②Thebabywascloselylookedafterbyher.③Lazypeoplearelookeddownonbyeveryone.四一些特殊结构的被动形式双宾动词的被动结构，带复合宾语动词的被动结构，be+过去分词+不定式，It+be+过去分词+从句eg:①Shewasgivenawarmwelcome.②Shewasheardsinginginthenextroom.③Sheissaidtoknowfivelanguages.④Itwasreportedthattheyhavediscoveredanewstar.不定时的被动形式ImustasktobeexcusedShedidn’tliketobetreatedasachildHebeggedtobeforgivenShedidn’twanthersontobetakenawayI’dlikethisroomtoberedecoratedHedidn’twishthesubjecttobementionedintheletterTherewasalotofthingstobediscussed.TherewasnotasoultobeseenintheparkShewasinvitedtoagardenpartytobeheldthatflightShewassenttheretobetrainedforthespaceflightTheywereshippedtoAmericatobesoldasslavesHeshuthimselfintheroomsoasnottobedisturbedIt’sanhonourtobeinvitedtotheceremony.It’saprivilegetobeallowedtostudyhereWhatashameforyouthreetobetreatedlikethat!Myonlywishistobeallowedtotrymymethod.Hisdreamwastobeadmittedtoagooduniversity.Herambitionwastobemadeacinemaactress.作动词宾语或介词宾语HehatedbeinglanghedatShecouldn’tbearbeingtreatedlikethatHewasfarfrombeingsatisfied作主语BeingofferedsuchajobwassheergoodluckItfeltfunnybeingcalledGrandmotherBeingkilledbysharkswasacommonoccurrence构成复合宾语作定语作状语复合宾语Isawhimbeingcarriedawayonastretcher.Iwatchedthecargobeinghoistedonboard.Onecouldhearallkindsofthingsbeingdiscussedthere.定语Shewasnotinterestedinthequestionbeingdiscussed.ThebuildingbeingerectedisaconcerthallThiswasacampaignbeingwagedinthecountry.状语Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.Beingprotectedbyathickwall,theyfeltquitesafe.Beingwelllookedafter,thebabywasinperfecthealth.和系动词构成谓语HenearlygothitbyacarHiswoundhasbecomeinfectedIsoongrewusedtothatkindoflife构成复合宾语I’vejusthadaphotographtakenGoandgetyourhaircutIdon’twantanythingsaidaboutthis用作宾语Frustrated,hereturnedtohishomelandTheylaughed,friendlyandpleasedGreatlyinterested,Iaskedtojointheminthegame在什么情况下使用被动语态•1）不知道动作的执行者是谁•Themonasterywasbuiltinthemiddleages.这座寺庙建于中世纪•Threepeoplewereinjured.•Theboywasnearlydrowned.那孩子差点淹死•2）不必提到动作的执行者是谁•Thebookwaspublishedin2000.•Apeacetreatywasfinallysigned.最终签定了一项和约.•Thematchhadtobecancelledbecauseofbadweather.•Theplantwasshutdownfortwomonth.•Renthastobepaidinadvance•3)①动作的承受者或者结果是谈话的中心•Arethesegoodsmadebymachinery?•Whenshewasillsheherchildrenwerelookedafterbyneighbors.•②一类常用by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可以没有•Whenshearrivedhomeshewasarrested(byadetective).•Anewpubliclibraryisbeingbuilt(byourlocalcouncil).•动作的执行者很模糊如指（people,one等）•Thissortofadvertisementisseeneverywhere.•Heissuspectedoftakingbribery(受贿）•Theletterhasbeenopened.信件被人拆开了.•Itwasrumoredthathewasaspy谣传他是个间谍.•5）为了措辞圆通，常常避免说出动作的执行者•YouarerequestedtogiveusatalkonJapanesediscovery(日本文化）•Itishopedthatsuchthingswouldnothappenagain.•Itismuchtoberegrettedthatyoucannotjoinusinthetrip.•6）为了使句子得到更好的安