动词不定式一、不定式结构作主语Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.注③:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示,如:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注④:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.二、不定式结构作表语1.主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果),如:Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2.主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组,或以what引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,如:Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注:在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”,如:Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.三、不定式结构作动词宾语1.“动词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有:afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等,例如:I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2.“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”。(这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句)。这类动词常见的有:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑问词(也称连接代/副词)有:what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which(why除外),如:Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注①:如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语,则应使用先行it,把不定式后置,例如:Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注②:不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用,例如:Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题!四、不定式结构作定语1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如:It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语,如:Idon’twishtoquarrelwithyou.→Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.→Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.→Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词,转化成名词时,也能带不定式结构作定语,如:Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.→Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4.不定式结构与所修饰的名词,有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系,如:Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注:处于动宾关系的情况下,如果不定式是不及物动词,它后面应加上必要的介词,如:Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系,可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组,如:Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.五、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1.表示目的:Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注①:不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句),但也有例外的情况,例如:Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes/bags.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.注②:为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时,通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas,如:HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注③:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder,但却不可以加上soas,如:Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.2.表示结果:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型:①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意:下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义:I’monlytoogladtogo.(=I’mverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)〖onlytoo(adv.)极;非常;太;很〗☆☆有时,不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作,相当于一个并列限定动词词组,这种不定式结构也表示结果,如:Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点:①不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的,相当于一个限定动词词组,如:Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.②不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。Helefthisnativecountry(,)nevertoreturn.Hereturnedhome(,)tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.③不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味,其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。(有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果),如:HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.④不定式之前有时可以加上only或butonly,以加强语气,如:Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注:不定式结构表示结果或表示目的,往往形式相似,这时,须根据词汇意义认真加以区别,试比较:Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.(=Hearrivedlate