Phonetics

Chapter2Phonetics&Phonology语音学与音系学MainContentsoftheLecture：I.Phonetics语音学II.Phonology音系学Revision1.Themajorbranchesoflinguistics2.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics•历时语言学•共时语言学MainContentsoftheLecture：I.Phonetics语音学2.1Phonetics•ThreeBranchesofphonetics1.Articulatoryphonetics2.Acousticphonetics3.Auditoryphonetics2.2Phonetics2.2.1Articulatorsandtheirfunctions;2.2.2Voicedandvoicelesssounds;2.2.3Nasalandoralsounds;2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds2.2.5Variationsofsounds2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds2.2.4.1Englishconsonants2.2.4.2Englishvowels2.2.5Variationsofsounds•2.2.5.1Liaison•2.2.5.2Elisionandassimilation2.1Phonetics•ThreeBranchesofphonetics1.Articulatoryphonetics2.Acousticphonetics3.AuditoryphoneticsPhonetics----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguages.•Languageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.•Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds---soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.Threebranchesofphonetics•Articulatoryphonetics•Auditoryphonetics•AcousticphoneticsThreebranchesofphonetics•Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学Threebranchesofphonetics•Acousticphonetics声学语音学Threebranchesofphonetics•Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学•语音学的三大分支:发音语音学;声学语音学；听觉语音学.语音学的三大分支发音语音学；声学语音学；听觉语音学.Threebranchesofphonetics•Articulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,studyof“howspeechsoundsareproduced”.Articulatoryphonetics•发音语音学：研究语音的发生。•Acousticphonetics----dealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Acousticphonetics•声学语音学：研究语音的物理特征。•Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howspeechsoundsareperceivedbythelistener.”Auditoryphonetics•听觉语音学或感知语音学：研究语音的感知。•Ourprimaryinterestwillbeinarticulatoryphonetics.BranchesofphoneticsSpeechSpeechProductionPerception(speakerA)(speakerB)Athree-stepprocessofspeechsoundsSpeechtransmission2.2Phonetics2.2.1Articulatorsandtheirfunctions;2.2.2Voicedandvoicelesssounds;2.2.3Nasalandoralsounds;2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds2.2.5Variationsofsounds2.2Phonetics2.2.1Articulatorsandtheirfunctions;(Speechorgans发音器官)Thediagramofspeechorgans(发音器官示意图)Thediagramofspeechorgans1.Lips2.Teeth3.Teethridge(alveolar)齿龈Thediagramofspeechorgans4.Hardpalate5.Softpalate(velum)6.Uvula小舌Thediagramofspeechorgans7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue舌面9.Backoftongue舌背Thediagramofspeechorgans10.Vocalcords11.Pharyngealcavity咽腔12.NasalcavitySpeechorgans:threeimportantareas•Pharyngealcavity----thepharynx(咽);thethroat;•Theoralcavity----themouth;•Nasalcavity----thenose.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)国际音标IPA----AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).IPA音标国际音标是一个标准的、被国际上广泛接受的语音描述系统。IPA音标由1888年国际语音协会(InternationalPhoneticAssociation)的语言学家便制定，是一套可国际通用的语音符号。IPA----ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.IPA音标制定原则是“一个音位，一个符号；一个符号，一个音位”，即“一音一符”。•“Onesymbolperphoneme”2.2.2Voiced&Voicelesssounds2.2.2Voicedsounds•Voiced(浊音):Soundsproducedwithcausingvibrationofthevocalcords.2.2.2Voicelesssounds•Voiceless（清音）:Soundsproducedwithoutcausingvibrationofthevocalcords.2.2.3Nasalandoralsounds•Nasalsounds---Soundsproducedinthewaytheairescapesthroughthenoseaswellasthemouth.2.2.3Nasalandoralsounds•Oralsounds---Soundsproducedinthewaytheairescapesonlythroughthemouth.•Thesephoneticfeaturespermittheclassificationofallspeechsoundsintofourclasses:voiced,voiceless,nasal,andoral.•Onesoundmustchoosetwoofthesefeatures,asshownbytheexamplesinTable1.Table1.ClassesofspeechsoundsOralNasalVoicedbdgmnŋVoicelessptk2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds2.2.4.1Englishconsonants2.2.4.2EnglishvowelsClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds---Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:•Vowels;ConsonantsVowels•Themostcommonviewisthatvowelsaresoundsinwhichthereisnoobstructiontotheflowofairasitpassesfromthelarynx(喉)tothelips.Note:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)国际音标汉字注音雷人“世博双语”成网络搞笑对象•“古的猫宁”•“古的阿夫特怒”•“古的衣服宁”•这种注音法被坊间称作是“最雷人英语”。•专家们也表示，用这样的方式学外语并不可取。•“坎挨海尔扑油”•“有什么需要帮助您的吗？”–CanIhelpyou?•“杰丝特眸闷特，普立斯”•“请您稍等”•“俺么搔瑞，挨坎翁累丝鼻科额累偷英格历史”•“对不起，我只能讲简单的英语”•连几乎全世界人人会说的“再见”也有了对应中国汉字“白白”。•有网民戏谑地评论说：“这种句子如果真的完全按照中文读下來，其难度甚至会比直接读英语还要高。”•出租车司机们的“汉字英语”:“为尔啊右勾英”、“忽太儿”、“维尔抗姆”•“为尔啊右勾英”（你想去里）•“忽太儿”（宾馆）•“维尔抗姆”（欢迎）•华东师大对外汉语教授潘文国建议说，上海市民见到外宾不妨大大方方地用中文向他们打一声招呼：“你好！”事实上，许多外国游人都会入乡随俗礼貌地回一声“你好！”•如果我们能教在上海生活、游览的外宾学会“侬好”“谢谢侬”“再会”等三句吴侬软语，这样极其浓郁的方言文化，或许还会给每一个世博国际友人留下难忘的印象，让他们把“侬好”带向全世界。•曾看过一个幽默，也是说的小学生给英语单词“English”标注汉字的事，30年后，大家都兑现了自己的诺言。•“应给利息”•“因果关系”•“英国里去”•“硬改历史”•“应该累死”•“阴沟里洗”•标注“应给利息”的同学当了银行家；•标注“因果关系”的成了哲学家;•标注“英国里去”的成了海外华侨;•标注“硬改历史”的成了政治家;•标注“应该累死”的成了富士康员工;•而标注“阴沟里洗”的却成了菜贩子。Example:•我的小学和初中生活是在农村度过的。初中一年级时才开英语课。对于一个农村孩子来说，学英语是一件别扭拗口的事情，却又如同刘姥姥进了大观园——一切觉得新鲜。第一节课，“聪明”的我就发明了便捷而“有效”的学习方法——汉字谐音标注法。•至今还记得老师那节课老师教的五个单词：我分别标注为：肉死、半个、碰、败的、币……（此处的省略号只有我自己知道，代表此处拖长音）。•玫瑰花、书包、钢笔、床、蜜蜂•老师还教了一句课前师生问候语：我标注为：狗得猫铃踢扯、狗得猫铃死就等它！•Go