二语习得论文

1CausesandStrategiesofFossilizationinSecondLanguageAcquisition学号：201521198453外语用理论李珍科目：二语习得学期论文Abstract：Itisaverypopularphenomenontoseethatfossilizationappearsduringsecondlanguageacquisition.Itisoneofthemostsignificantfeaturesintheprocessofcommunicatingofdifferentlanguages,andinterlanguageisaninevitablephenomenonintheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisition.Therefore,it’sverynecessarytomakearesearchintothephenomenonoffossilization.Thisthesiswillfirstintroducethenotionsofinterlanguageandfossilization,theclassificationoffossilization,thenanalyzethecausesoffossilization,andfinallyputforwardsomestrategiestoavoidfossilizationaccordingtothosecauses.Iexpecttheresearchinthispapercanhelplotsoflanguagelearnersbetterlearnthesecondlanguage.Keywords:fossilization;interlanguage;classifications；causes;strategies2ContentsIntroduction.........................................................................................................................3ChapterOneNotionsofFossilizationandInterlanguage………………………………....31.1NotionsofFossilization...................................…………………………………....…31.2NotionsofInterlanguage……......................................................................…………4ChapterTwoClassificationsofFossilization........................………............………….........42.1IndividualFossilizationandGroupFossilization........................................……………42.2TemporaryFossilizationandPermanentFossilization..............…………………...…..52.3ErrorFossilizationandLanguageCompetenceFossilization………………….…..…5ChapterThreeCausesoffossilization.............……………………………………………...63.1ThefactorofageandBiologicalModel………………………………………………53.2Thefactorofmotherlanguageanditsnegativetransfer………………………………63.3Thefactorsofsocialcultureandindividualpsychology………………………………93.4Thefactoroflearningstrategies………………………………………………………73.5Thefactoroflanguage…………………………………………………………………8ChapterFourStrategiesofFossilization…………………………...…………..…………...84.1StrategiestoStudent…………………………………………………………………84.2StrategiestoTeacher...............................………………………………………........9Conclusion.………………………………………………………...…………..……….....113IntroductionFossilizationreallyattractsmoreandmoreattentionsintheresearchfiledofSecondLanguageAcquisitioninrecentyears.Theterm,borrowedfromthefieldofpaleontology,iseffectivebecauseitconjuresupanimageofdinosaursbeingenclosedinresidueandbecomingasetofhardenedremainsencasedinsediment.IfsomelearnersdevelopafairlyfixedrepertoireofL2forms，containingmanyfeatureswhichdonotmatchthetargetlanguage，andtheydonotprogressanyfurther，theirinterlanguageissaidtohavefossilized.TheprocessoffossilizationinL2pronunciationisoneobviouscauseofaforeignaccent.However，aninterlanguageisnotdesignedtofossilize.Itwillnaturallydevelopandbecomeamoreeffectivemeansofcommunication，givenappropriateconditions.DiscoveringjustwhatcountastheappropriateconditionsforsuccessfulL2learningisanongoingareaofstudy.ChapterOneTheNotionofInterlanguageandFossilizationItisgenerallyacknowledgedbyacademicspherethatthephenomenonofinterlanguageandfossilizationisinevitableintheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisitionanditiscausedbyanumberoffactorsoftheirmutualinfluences.1.1NotionofInterlanguageLarrySelinker(1972)introducedthetermInterlanguagetorefertotheimmediatestates(orinterimgrammars)ofalearner’slanguageasitmovestowardthetargetL2.Itisdifferentfromthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguagewhileowningbothoftheirexperience.Itisunavoidableforeachforeignlanguagelearnertoundertaketheinterlanguageperiodbeforehecouldtakeadvantageofthelanguageskillsskillfullyasthenativespeaker.Threestatescanbetakenintoconsiderationwhenitcomestosecondlanguageacquisition.Theyincludetheinitialstate,theintermediatestateandthefinalstate.Fossilizationoccursinthefinalstate.Somelearnersreach“nearnative”or“nativelike”competenceinL2alongwithnative4competenceinL1,butmanyceaseatsomepointtomakefurtherprogresstowardthelearningtargetinresponsetoL2input,resultinginafinalstatewhichstillincludesinstancesofL1interferenceorcreativestructuresdifferentfromanythatwouldbeproducedbyanativespeakeroftheL2.1.2DefinitionofFossilizationTheoriginaldefinitionbySelinkerin1972isthemostwidelyacceptedone，whichgoeslikethefollowing:“Fossilizationlinguisticphenomenaarelinguisticitems，rulesandsubsystemswhichspeakersofaparticularnativelanguagewilltendtokeepintheirinterlanguagerelativetoaparticulartargetlanguage，nomatterwhattheageofthelearnerortheamountofexplanationandinstructionhereceivesinthetargetlanguage”.Inaword，fossilizationisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.Fossilization,accordingtoobservations,isaprocessthatmayoccurinthesecondlanguageacquisitioncontextasopposedtothefirstlanguageacquisition.Itcoversmanyfeaturesofthesecondlanguagelearner’sinter-languagethatdeviatedfromthenativespeakernormandarenotdevelopinganyfurther,ordeviantfeatureswhichalthoughseeminglyleftbehindre-emergeinthelearner’sspeechundercertainconditions.Thus,thelearnerhasstoppedlearningorhasrevertedtoearlierstag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