约翰斯坦贝克

JohnSteinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克(1902-1968)SocialbackgroundTheGreatDepressionin1930sTheWallStreetcrashinOct.24,1929,“thebottomdroppedofthestockmarket”Result:a.Thedimdecadeof1930sreplacedtheglittering1920s.Banksfailed,factoriesclosedandagriculturewithered;Joblessmillionsroamedthestreet;thebreadlessstretchedlong;Absolutepovertyandstruggledforsurvivalisanightmarishexperienceoflife.thenalotofpeoplewentalongtheHighway66tocalifornia，hopingtofindjobs，landsdignitiesandtheirfuturesb.ThephysicalwastelandreplacedthespritualwastelandrepresentedbyT.S.EliotThereasonoftheGreatDepression•Keynes:themarketforreducingaggregatedemandofgoods,isthemainreasonfortherecession→advocatedspendingtostimulatetheeconomy.•Bernanke:theriseoftheU.S.consumerlendingtrend.•Friedman:excessivegovernmentinterventioncause.ThereasonoftheGreatDepression•1tariffbarriers:U.S.toraisetariffstoprotectdomesticindustries,resultingininternationaltradeisshrinking.•2deformityprosperity:thestockroseafterthewar,manypeoplecrazyintothestockmarket,resultinginsoaringstockunreasonable.ThereasonoftheGreatDepression•3.overproduction:postwarnationaleconomicgood,themajorityofenterprisestoexpandproductionandleadtooverproduction.•4.WorldSport:largenumberofU.S.capitalinflowsovertheworld,theUnitedStatesaffectedtheglobaleconomy。•5.EffectsofwarTheprocessoftheGreatDepression•October24,1929,theWallStreetstockmarketcrashafewdaysofasudden,alotofbanks,factoryclosures,lockouts,commercialrecession,increasingunemployment.•Diffusion:stockmarket→Industrial→financial→Europe10Majorworks1.Firstnovel:CupofGold(1929)《金杯》2TortillaFlat3.Worker’sTrilogy:a.InDubiousBattle(1936)《胜负未决》---Aboutthestrikebymigrantfarm-workersb.OfMiceandMen(1937)《人鼠之间》---themutualdependenceandshareddreamsofmigrantfarm-workers11c.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)《愤怒的葡萄》(hismasterpieceforwhichSteinbeckreceivedtheNobelPrizeforitin1962)4.TheMoonIsDown(1942)《月亮下去了》5.EastofGarden(1952)《伊甸园以东》•Withtheendofthedecadecamethestockmarketcrashof1929andtheGreatDepressionofthe1930s，cataclysmiceventsthatshatteredpubliccomplacencyandtransformedAmericansociety。Theabruptendofprosperityweakenedthenation'sconfidenceinitsgovernmentanditspoliticalleaders。Americanartistsofallkindsproducedworksofpoliticalandsocialcriticism。PainterscreatedharshvisionsofAmericanlifeonfarmsandincities。Photographersrecordedthemiseriesofpovertyandwant。JohnSteinbeckandotherwritersdescribedthesweat-drenchedlivesoffactoryworkersandmigrantfarmersinjournalisticreports，inshortstories，andinsuchmemorablenovelsastheGrapesofWrath。TheGrapesofWrathIII.Analysisofhismasterpiece,“TheGrapesofWrath”The30chaptersfallinto3sections:•---First10chapters:thedescriptionofthedrought;•---Chapters13to18:thejourneytoCalifornia;•---Theremaining12chapters:anarrativeofthelifeofthemigrantsinCalifornia161.Sourceofthetitle•---AwarsongoftheCivilWar,“TheBattleHymnoftheRepublic”《共和国的战斗赞美诗》MineeyeshaveseenthegloryofthecomingoftheLord,Heistrampingoutthevintagewherethegrapesofwratharestored“我的眼睛已经见到老爷驾临的荣光，他在践踏那些被储存了很久的愤怒的葡萄”172.Introductionofthestory•---Hisepicmasterpieceofsocialconsciousnessandacrisisnovel;•---Apictureofhelplesspeoplecrushedbydroughtanddepression；•---OneoftheclassicdocumentsoftheGreatDepression•---ThethirteenmembersofthethreegenerationsoftheJoadfamilyaretheimpoverished(一贫如洗的)victimsoftheDustbowl1droughtinOklahoma；•---Theysetoutonthetrek(长途跋涉)inanoldautomobiletheyboughtforalltheirfamilypropertyforCalifornia,inwhichtheybelievetheycouldseektheirpromisedland2•---Ontheroad,beforetheireyesare:a.Unspeakablepainandsufferingontheroad;b.Frequentlyoccurringdeathsc.Anuniversallandscapeofdecayanddesolation•---ReachingandsettlingdowninCalifornia,theymetwithbitterresistancefromthelocallandowners•---WorkinginthemigrantlaborcampsinCalifornia,lifeprovedtobeamiseryofpovertyanddislocation(混乱):•---Asaresult,theJoadsjoinedinthemigrantworkers’strikeundertheinfluenceoftherusticsocialist,JimCasy;•---AfterJimCasywasmurdered,TomJoadbecamethelabororganizertocarryonJim’sworkwiththepowerfulsupportandcooperation.