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1.Phonetics语言学：Itstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.研究语音的发生、传递和感知2.Articulatoryphonetics发音语言学:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.研究语言的发生3.Acousticphonetics声学语言学：isthestudyofphysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.研究语音的物质特征4.PerceptualorAuditoryphonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.研究语音的感知5.Phonology音系学isthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统6.IPA国际音标表:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet7.Diacritics变音符:areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化8.Consonant辅音:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法9.Vowl元音:aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音10.Coarticulation协同发音:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation当涉及到同时或重合的发音时，这类过程称为协同发音，它分为先期协同发音和后滞协同发音11.Broadandnarrowtranscription宽式转写与严式转写:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.用简单的符号进行语音转写称为宽式转写，用复杂的符号进行转写称为严式转写12.Phoneme音位:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.明显的语音对立单位13.Allophone音位变体:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme音位的变化形式(eg.thisanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspiratedt.Boththandtareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.14.Mannerofarticulation发音方式：intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.完成发音过程的方法15.Placeofarticulation发音部位:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.辅音的发音部位16.Distinctivefeatures区别特征:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.用来区分音位的音系学术语17.Complementarydistribution互补分布:therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.两个音位变体不出现在相同环境中，它们处于互补分布状态18.Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征:suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.语言问题中涉及超出单音音段以上的方面，主要有音节、重音、声调和语调