科技英语写作unit-3

Unit3Abstract(1)TopicalHighlights1.GeneralFunctionsofAbstract:miniaturizingthetext,decidingyesorno,expandingthecirculation.2.LinguisticFeaturesofAbstract:limitedlength,categoriesofabstracts,completecontent,formalizedstructure.3.WritingRequirementsforAbstract:integrated,concise,consistent,andconcentrated.4.SpecialAttention:vocabulary(2)--frequentuseofcompoundwords,commonly-usedcontractedwordsandfrequentuseofantonyms.ThemePresentation1.GeneralFunctionsofAbstract.2.LinguisticFeaturesofAbstract.3.WritingRequirementsforAbstract.GeneralFunctions1)MiniaturizingtheText:Essentially,anabstractisacondensedstatementofthecontentsofapaper.Asashort,conciseandhighlygeneralizedtext,anabstractisviewedasamini-versionoraminiatureofthedocument,summarizingthecontentofthemainbody.Awell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentmorequicklyandconveniently,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterest,andfinallytodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthewholedocument.2)DecidingYesorNoTheabstractofapaperisimportantbecauseitmaydirectlyinfluencethepaper'sacceptancetoalearnedjournal:therevieweroreditormaybeperilouslyclosetoafinaljudgmentofthemanuscriptafterreadingtheabstractalone.Whatmakesajustificationcrucialisthatmanyinternationalconferencesponsorsjustreviewtheabstractandmakethedecisionwithoutreferringtothewholetext.Agoodabstractshouldattractaudiencesandpromotethoroughdiscussionontherelevantsubject.3)ExpandingtheCirculationAnabstractusuallyprecedesthewholepaperandappearsseparately.Withthegrowthofelectronicdatastorage,abstractsdramaticallyfacilitateinformationretrieval,anabstractwillbemorewidelyreadthanthedocumentitself.Itcanbecirculatedmuchwiderandfartherthanthepaperitself,thusproducingwideranddeeperacademicinfluencethanthefulltextofthepaper.LinguisticFeatures1)LimitedLengthAnabstractisaminiatureofthepaperwithastrictlylimitednumberofwords.Normally,200wordsshouldbeasensiblemaximumforarelativelylongpaperorreport,butnevermorethan500words;50-100wordsmaysufficeforashortarticle.Thelengthofanabstractgreatlyvariesdependingonthelengthofthepaperandwheretheabstractappears:eachjournaland/orabstractingindexhasadifferentrequirement.Asageneralrule,anabstractwillbeapproximately3---5%ofthelengthofthepaper,butisseldommorethan2/3rdsofapage.Keepthelengthoftheabstracttoarequiredpercentageofthatofthepaper.2)CategoriesofAbstracts(1)Descriptive(Indicative)AbstractsAdescriptive,orindicative,abstractusuallystatesthegeneralsubjectmatterofthedocumentthatfollows.(2)Informational(Informative)AbstractAninformational,orinformative,abstracthighlightsthefindingsandresults,brieflybutquantitatively.(3)Informational-indicativeAbstractsAninformational-indicativeabstractisacombinedformthatbearsspecificinformationabouttheprincipalfindingsandresultsandgeneralinformationabouttherestofthedocument.3)CompleteContentTheabstractofapaper,whichisself-contained,shouldbeunifiedandcoherentincontent.Itisaconcisesummaryoftheresults,conclusionand/orothersignificantitemsinthepaper.Togetherwiththetitle,theabstractmustbeadequateasanindextoallthetopicstreatedinthepaper.Itmayalsobeusedasabaseforindexing.1)PROBLEM2)APPROACH3)PRINCIPLERESULT4)FormalizedStructure(1)TopicSentence(page35egs)Thefirstsentenceinanabstractisusuallycalledthetopicsentence.(2)SupportingSentences(page36egs)Researchmethods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculations,analyses,results,andothersignificantinformationitemwillbeprovidedinthispart,anditistakenasthemainbodyofanabstract.(3)ConcludingSentence(s)(page37egs)Astheendingpartofanabstract,concludingsentencesusuallyanalyzetheresults,explaintheapplication,andpointoutthesignificanceoftheresearch.WritingRequirements1)Integrity.2)Concise.3)Consistency.4)Concentration.Integrity（完整）Generally,anabstractshouldincludewhatthewriterhasdoneandwhathehasachievedwithinthescopeofthetopic,suchastheresearchtheories,researchmethods,investigationsand/orexperimentalresultsandconclusions.Todifferentiatehispaperworkfromothers,thewriterneedstostresshisowncontribution.Concise（简洁）Towriteagoodabstract,thewritermuststripawaytheperiphery,supportinginformationinhispaperandexposethehardcoreofhiscontribution,definingtherealsubstanceofhismanuscriptinthesimplestterms.Avoiddisplayingmathematicalexpressions;nevernumberequations;omittables.Thewriter'sabstractisthenaminiatureversionofthebodyofhispaper,self-containedandunambiguous.Consistency（一致）Asamini-paper,anabstractshouldbeconsistentwiththeotherpartsofthewholepaper.Inotherwords,agoodabstracthastoexcludeallinformationthatisnotbasedonthecontentofthepaper.SoneverincludewhathasnotbeenmentionedinthepaperandnomodificationinmeaningispermittedConcentration（集中）Towriteconcentratively,youneedtoomitcertainelementsofinformation.Donotusefigures,tables,orliteraturereferencesinthispart.Thereareotherelementsthatconventionallyappearinothersectionsofthemanuscriptbutdonotbelongintheabstract.Wordformation：Compoundingwords(合成词)Inflection（屈折词）Derivational（派生词）Conversion(转化词)Invention（杜撰）Blending（混合词）Abbreviation/Clipping(缩略词)Acronym（首字