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FinalexaminationBIChooseonewordorexpressionfromthoseintheboxbelowtofillthegapineachofthesentences.Writethecorrectwordsonyouranswerpapernexttothenumberofthesentence.Donotchangetheformsofthewordsonthebox.1s2m3q4k5j6t7o8n9e10p11h12a13l14c15r16d17i18g19b20fIICaseAnalysis(Youarerequiredtostateculturalphenomenonineachcase)1Interpretationreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedata.Thesamesituationcanbeinterpretedquitedifferentlybydiversepeople.Theeffectofcultureisgreat.Applyingthesesamecuestosomeonefromanotherculturemaynotwork.SopeopleintheUnitedStatesfrequentlyerringuessingtheageofJapaneseindividuals,suchasjudgingaJapanesecollegestudentinmid-20stobeonly14or15.2Thiscasecanreflectthedifferencesbetweenindividualistcultureandcollectivistculture.Culturescharacterizedbycollectivismemphasizerelationshipsamongpeopletoagreaterdegree.Collectivistculturesstressinterdependentactivitiesandsuppressingindividualaimsforthegroup’swelfare.3Thiscasecanreflectthelackofidiomaticequivalencebetweentwoculturesisabarriertosuccessfultranslation.Languagethataredifferentoftenlackwordsthataredirectlytranslatable.Thisleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalence,whichisoneofthecausesoftranslationproblems.IIIAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Inthedirectstyle,associatedwithindividualism,thewants,needs,anddesiresofthespeakerareembodiedinthespokenmessage.Intheindirectstyle,associatedwithcollectivism,thewants,needs,andgoalsofthespeakerarenotobviousinthespokenmessage.2.Translationproblemsusuallyarisewhencommunicatorsspeakdifferentlanguagesandholddifferentcultures.Theyarethelackofvocabularyequivalence,thelackofidiomaticequivalence,thelackofgrammatical-syntacticalequivalence,lackofexperientialequivalence,thelackofconceptualequivalence.3.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisdifferentfromculturetoculture.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy,awe,confusion,contemplation,disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberofmeanings.Ineasterncultures,silencehaslongbeenregardedasavirtue.Whileinwesterncultures,silencehasgenerallybeenconsideredsociallydisagreeable.TomostpeopleintheUnitedStates,silencemeanslackofattentionandlackofinitiative.TotheChinese,silencemeansagreement.PartVEnglish-Chinesetranslation:translatethesetwoparagraphsintoChinese.假如你不了解另一种文化，在交际过程中就会很容易出现假定一致性。假定另一种文化与你的文化相同，就会很容易让你忽略文化之间的重要区别。即使假定不同文化都是相同的，也不会帮助你进行有效的交际，因为它会让你忽略不同文化之间的相同点。当你进入到一个新的文化当中时，最好的选择就是什么都不假设，而是要询问具体的风俗是什么样的。种族中心主义是指用自己的文化标准消极评价另一种文化的行为。认为自己的文化方式优于另一种文化就是种族中心主义的表现。虽然种族中心主义是引起跨文化交际障碍的一个因素，但对于经历文化冲击（休克）的那些人，很容易认为自己的文化优于其它的文化。当对于新的文化有所了解之后，就会经历这样的一个阶段，在这个阶段中他们会认为新的文化中的一切都不如自己的文化。但经历了这个阶段后通常会开始认为某个文化并没有比另一个文化强也没有比另一个文化差，只是文化与文化之间不同而已。