现代西方文学理论与批评

现代西方文学理论与批评ModernWesternLiteraryTheoryandCriticismPart1Part1IntroductionConcepts:Criticism:Thereasoneddiscussionofliteraryworks,anactivitywhichmayincludesomeorallofthefollowingprocedures,invaryingproportions:thedefenceofliteratureagainstmoralistsandcensors,classificationofaworkaccordingtoitsgenre,interpretationofitsmeaning,analysisofitsstructureandstyle,judgmentofitsworthbycomparisonwithotherworks,estimationofitslikelyeffectonreaders,andtheestablishmentofgeneralprinciplesbywhichliteraryworkscanbeevaluatedandunderstood.(OxfordconciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms)Part1LiteraryTheoryliterarytheoryis“speculativediscourseonliteratureandonpracticeofliterature.”Itmayincludereflectionsonoranalysisofgeneralprinciplesandcategoriesofliterature,suchasitsnatureandfunction;itsrelationtootheraspectsofculture;thepurpose,proceduresandvalidityofliterarycriticism;relationofliterarytexttotheirauthorsandhistoricalcontexts;ortheproductionofliterarymeaning.(ZhuGang)Part1Modern:•historicalperiodfromRenaissanceto20thcentury•20thcenturyWestern:•Geographicalmeaning:EuropeandAmerica•Culturalmeaning:Culturalcommunityofdevelopcapitalismcountries,especiallybasedonChristiantradition.Conclusion:ModernwesternliterarytheoryandcriticismarereasonedactivitiesofdiscussionaboutliteratureinWesternworldin20thcentury.Part1Approaches,schoolsandgroupsScientismApproaches•RussianFormalism•Anglo-AmericanNewCriticism•CzechStructuralism•FrenchStructuralism•PostStructuralismPart1HumanismApproaches•Existentialism•PsychoanalysisCriticism•PhenomenologicalCriticism•HermeneuticsCriticism•Reader-ResponseCriticism•FeminismCriticismPart1HistoricalApproaches•MarxistCriticism•NewHistoricism•CulturalStudies•Post-ColonialCriticismPart1Characters:Theorized:almostalloftheschoolsofcriticismhavetheirparticulartheory.Adaptingtheoriesorprinciplesfromtheirdisciplines.Understandingliteratureintermsofitsrelationstohistory,politicsgender,socialclass,race,mythologyorpsychology.Criticaltendency:manyschoolsofcriticismseektoinfluenceonthesocialrealitywithintheirhistoricalcontext.Part1ReferencesandFurtherreading:HandbookofcriticalApproachestoLiterature(ThirdEdition),Wilfred.L.Guerin(ed).LiteraryTheoryfromPlatotoBarthes:AnIntroductoryHistory,Richard.Harland,外语教学与研究出版社。TwentiethCenturyWesternCriticalTheories,ZhuGang,上海外语教育出版社。SelectiveReadingsin20thCenturyWesternCriticalTheory,张中载，王逢振、赵国新编，外语教学与研究出版社。Literarytheory,JonathanCuller,OxfordUniversityPress,1997.AReader’sGuidetoContemporaryLiteraryTheory,RomanSelden,HarvesterWheatsheaf,1989.Part2Part2TheNewCriticismTimes:Therearefourperiods:theinitiative(1910-1930),theformative(1930-1945),thedominant(1945-1957),andnormalization(1960stothepresent).IfwetakeT.E.Hume,aBritishaesthetician,orAmericanpoetEzraPoundastheinitiatoroftheNewCriticism,thenthisschoolstartedinthe1910s.ButtheNewCriticismroseformallyinthe1930swhensomecriticsestablishedtheirtheoryinAmerica,anditbecamedominantcriticismsystemincollegeanduniversityEnglishdepartmentsinthe1950s.Part2Members:Founders:•I.A.Richards(1883--1981)•T.S.Eliot(1888--1965)•W.Empson.(1906--1984)Masters:•JohnCroweRansom(1888--1974)•AllenTate(1888--1979)•RobertPennWarren(1905--)•CleanthBrooks(1906--1994)•W.K.Wimsatt(1907--1975)•ReneWellek(1903--1995)Part2Works:I.ARichards:•PrinciplesofLiteraryCriticism(1924)•PracticalCriticism:AsturdyofLiteraryJudgment.(1929)T.S.Eliot:•TraditionandtheIndividualTalent.(1917)WilliamEmpson:•SevenTypesofAmbiguity(1930)JohnCroweRansom:•Poetry:ANoteinOntology.(1934)•TheNewCriticism(1941)Part2Works:AllenTate:•TensioninPoetry(1938)CleanthBrooks:•TheLanguageofParadox(1942)•TheWell-wroughtUrn.(1947)•UnderstandingPoetry.(1938,withRobertPennWarren)•Understandingfiction.(1943,withRobertPennWarren)•UnderstandingDrama(1945,withRobertB.Heilman)Part2Works:W.K.Wimsatt:•TheVerbalIcon(1954)•TheIntentionalFallacy(1946,withM.C.Beardsley)•TheAffectivefallacy(1949,withM.C.Beardsley)R.Wellek:•TheoryofLiterature(1949,withAustinWarren)•HistoryofModernCriticism1750-1950(1986)Part2Ideas:TheNewCriticsreadtheindividualworkofliteraryartasanorganicform.Theyarticulatedtheconceptthatinanorganicformthereisaconsistencyandaninternalvitalitythatweshouldlookforandappreciate.OneofthemostsalientconsiderationsoftheNewCriticswasemphasisonform,ontheworkofartasanobject.Part2TheNewCriticssoughtprecisionandstructuraltightnessintheliterarywork;theyfavoredastyleandtonethattendedtowardirony;theyinsistedonthepresencewithintheworkofeverythingnecessaryforitsanalysis;andtheycalledforanendtoaconcernbycriticswithmattersoutsidetheworkitself--thelifeoftheauthor,thehistoryofhistimes,orthesocialandeconomicimplicationsoftheliterarywork.Part2Keywords:Closereading:AreadingmethodthatisthemarkoftheNewCriticism,whichtakesworkasapieceoftexturedliteraryart,andonlyreadtheworkitself.Closereadingbeginswithsensitivitytothewordsofthetextandalltheirdenotativeandconnotativevaluesandimplications,thenlooksforstructures,patternsandinterrelationshipsinthetext.Part2Tension:AreadingstrategyofferedbyAllenTatein1938,that