关于英美文学重点名词解释汇总

AmericanPuritanismPuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch,whocameintoexistenceinthereignsQueenElizabethandKingJamesⅠ.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.CharacteristicsofLocalColor1.Settingsarefrequentlyremoteandinaccessible2.Charactersmaybecomecharactertypes,sometimesquaintorstereotypical.3.Thenarratoristypicallyaneducatedobserverfromtheworldbeyond4.Storiesmayrevolvearoundthecommunityanditsrituals.5.Anantipathytochangeandanostalgiaforanalways-pastgoldenageDarwinismSocialDarwinismisabeliefthatsocietiesandindividualhumanbeingscompeteinastruggleforexistenceinwhichnaturalselectionresultsin“struggleofthefittest.”SocialDarwinistsbasetheirbeliefsontheoriesofevolutiondevelopedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwin.SocialDarwiniststypicallydenythattheyadvocatea“lawofjungle.”Butmostproposeargumentsthatjustifyimbalancesofpowerbetweenindividuals,races,andnations,becausetheyconsidersomemorefittosurvivethanothers.ThetheoryhadproducedabigimpactonNaturalism.EmersonianTranscendentalismEmersonianTranscendentalismisactuallyaphilosophicalschoolwhichabsorbedsomeideologicalconcernsofAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism,withitsfocusontheintuitiveknowledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.Inhisessays,Emersonputforwardhisphilosophyoftheover-soul,theimportanceoftheIndividual,andNature.ExpressionismExpressionismisusedtodescribetheworksofartandliteratureinwhichtherepresentationofrealityisdistortedtocommunicateaninnervision,transformingnatureratherthanimitatingit.Inliteratureitisoftenconsideredarevoltagainstrealismandnaturalism,aseekingtoachieveapsychologicalorspiritualrealityratherthantorecordexternalevents.Hawthorne'sviewofPuritanism:Hawthorne'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.Hebelievedthatthewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones,andoftenwonderedifhemighthaveinheritedsomeoftheirguilt.LocalColorismPost-CivilWarAmericawaslargeanddiverseenoughtosenseitsownlocaldifferences.Regionalvoiceshademerged.“localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.NaturalismInliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthofl9th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.NewEnglandTranscendentalismNewEnglandTranscendentalismisthemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.ItwasstartedintheareaaroundConcord,Mass.byagroupofintellectualandtheliterarymenoftheUnitedStatessuchasEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauwhoweremembersofaninformalclub,i.e.theTranscendentalClubinNewEnglandinthel830s.Thetranscendentalistsreactedagainstthecold,rigidrationalismofUnitarianisminBoston.Theyadheredtoanidealisticsystemofthoughtbasedonabeliefintheessentialunityofallcreation,theinnategoodnessofman,andthesupremacyofinsightoverlogicandexperiencefortherevelationofthedeepesttruths.RealismInartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.TheGildedAgeItreferstotheperiodofgrossmaterialismandblatantpoliticalcorruptionintheU.S.historyduringthel870sthatgaverisetoimportantnovelsofsocialandpoliticalcriticism.Theperiodtakesitsnamefromtheearliestofthese,TheGildedAge(l873),writtenbyMarkTwainincollaborationwithCharlesDudleyWarner.TheImagistMovementLedbytheAmericanpoetEzraPound,ImagistMovementisapoeticmovementthatflourishedintheU.S.andEnglandbetweenl909-l9l7.ItadvancesmodernisminartswhichconcentratesonreformingthemediumofpoetryasopposedtoRomanticism,especiallyTennyson'sworldlinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetry.TheJazzAge:Itreferstothel920s,atimemarkedbyfrivolity（轻薄，轻率）,carelessness,hedonism（快乐主义）andexcitementinthelifeoftheflamingyouth.Fitzgeraldislargelyresponsibleforthetermandmanyofhisliteraryworksportrayit.TheJazzAgeisbroughtvividlytolifeinTheGreatGatsby.TheLostGenerationItrefersto,ingeneral,thepost-WorldWarⅠgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofexpatriatedisillusionedintellectualsandartists,whoexperimentedonnewmodesofthoughtandexpressionbyrebellingagainstformeridealsandvaluesandreplacingthemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheBeatGenerationAlsocalledBeatMovement,itisanAmericansocialandliterarymovementoriginatinginthel950s.BeatGenerationwritingsexpressedprofounddissatisfactionwithcontemporaryAmericansocietyandendorsedanalternativesetofvalues.Theyrejectedtraditionalformsandadvocatedpersonalrelease,purification,andilluminationthroughtheheightenedsensoryawareness.TheScarletLetterHawthorne'sremarkablesenseofthePuritanpast,hisunderstandingofthecolonialhistoryinNewEngland,hisapparentpreoccupationwiththemoralissuesofsinandguilt,andhiskeenpsychologicalanalysisofp