外研社 必修4 Module 3语法 (条件状语从句&让步状语从句)

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Module3GrammarAdverbialClauseofCondition(条件状语从句)&AdverbialClauseofConcession(让步状语从句)语法1:条件状语从句(Adverbialclauseofcondition)定义:在句子中作条件状语的从句称为条件状语从句。位置:条件状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有时还可置于主语和谓语之间。时态:在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,一般过去时代替过去将来时。引导条件状语从句的连词或词组:if(如果,假如)unless(除非,如果不)suppose/supposing(that)(假设)provided/providing(that)(假若,倘若)on(the)conditionthat(如果)as/solongas(只要)Whatif(如果…将会怎样)incase(如果,万一)giventhat(假设)•1.表示正面的条件:if“如果”Ifyourdogisdepressed,heprobablyneedsmoreexercise.Ifthemuseumchargesforentry,alotofpeoplewon’tbeabletovisitit.说明:主句用现在时:表示此事任何时候都是可能的,尤其是现在。主句用将来时:表示此事将来的可能性。•2.表示否定的条件:unless(=if…not)“如果不,除非”Therewillbeapicnicunlessitrains.IwastoldIwouldpasstheexamunlessIworkedharder.说明:(1)unless常用于警告语中。例如:Unlessyouchangeyourmind,Iwon’tbeabletohelpyou.(2)unless作“如果不”解时,常可与if…not互换。例如:He’llacceptthejobunlessthesalary’stoolow.He’llacceptthejobifthesalary’snottoolow.(3)在疑问句中,不能用unless替代ifnot。例如:Whattimeshallweleaveforthetheatreifhedoesn’tturnup?•3.表示使某事成为现实的必要条件,此类词都有“只要”的含义:on(the)conditionthat“以…为条件”,as/solongas“只要”,provided/providing(that)“如果…的话,只要”Youmaygoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tswimtoofarawayfromtheriverbank.We’llvisitEuropenextyear,providedwehaveenoughmoney.Aslongasyoukeepontrying,youwillsurelysucceed.说明:由于以上连词仅用于使某事成为现实的必要的条件,因此不说:Aslongasyoufailnexttime,youwillbepunished.•4.表示假设的条件:suppose/supposing(that)“假设,假如”;whatif“如果…将会怎样”;incase“如果,万一”Suppose/supposing(that)wedon’thaveacomputer,whatshallwedo?Whatifthemoneydoesn’tarriveontime?Incasethehouseburnsdown,we’llgettheinsurancemoney.注意:incase用于条件状语从句时常置于句首。incase置于句中时多位目的状语从句,意为“为将来情况作必要的防备”,翻译为“以防,”例如:I’llbringanumbrellaincaseitrains.•5.“giventhat+句子”,“given+短语”,意为“倘若;考虑到”。Giventhatsheisinterestedinchildren,Iamsureteachingisarightcareerforher.Giventhathehastriedhisbest,youshouldn’tblamehimforthefailure.Givenhisage,heisreallyafastlearner.Giventhecircumstances,you’vedoneanexcellentjob.•6.以下两个句型与条件状语从句同义:(1)祈使句/名词词组(,)+and/or+简单句前半部分相当于if条件句,可用动词或名词开头;后半部分的简单句常用一般将来时,有时也用一般现在时。somewheretostand,andGivemeIwillmovetheearth.=Ifyougivemesomewheretostand,Iwillmovetheearth.Onemoreword,andI’llturnyououtofthedoor.Workevenharder,oryouwillneverpasstheexam.注意:用or引导时,前半部分要翻译成反义或否定。•7.分类:真实条件句与非真实条件句真实条件句:假设的情况有可能发生、实现的条件句。用陈述语气。Unlessyougoatonce,youwillbelate.非真实条件句:假设的情况完全是一种假设、不能实现或发生的可能性不大的条件句。用虚拟语气。Ifwehadmoretimeyesterday,wecouldhavedonethework.语法2:让步状语从句(Adverbialclauseofconcession)定义:在句子中作让步状语的从句称为让步状语从句。位置:让步状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有时还可置于句中。时态:“随意”引导让步状语从句的连词和词组:although,though(虽然)if(尽管,即使)evenif/though(即使)granted/granting(that)(即使,就算)as,while(尽管)whether...or(不论……还是)however,nomatterhow(无论怎样)whatever,nomatterwhat(无论什么)wherever,nomatterwhere(无论何地)whoever,nomatterwho(无论谁)whenever,nomatterwhen(无论何时)•1.although,though“虽然”AlthoughIdidn’tknowanybodyattheparty,Ihadaverygoodtime.注意:“although(though)…but”是个典型的错误,因为but是并列连词,不能与从属连词although连用。但是,although(though)可与yet,still,nevertheless连用,因为yet,still,nevertheless是副词,它可使前后关系更明确。•2.由though或as“虽然”引导的倒装句though引导让步状语从句可以倒装或不倒装,而as引导的让步状语从句则必须倒装。因此,as或though引导让步状语从句的倒装结构为:表语或状语(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词)提前:Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalotofthecomputer.Patientthough/ashewas,hewasunwillingtowaitthreehours.Hardas/thoughhetried,shefailedtopasstheexam.•3.while“而”,while“虽然,尽管”TomisveryoutgoingwhileKenisshyandquiet.意为“虽然,尽管”时多放句首,从句和主句主语多为同一人或物。whileIadmitthattheproblemaredifficult,Idon’tagreethattheycannotbesolved.•4.if“尽管,即使”,granted/granting(that)“即使,就算”If连接让步状句从句,意为“尽管”,“即使”。例如:Ifajewelfallsintothemud,itremainsaspreciousasbefore.Ifsheispoor,atleastshe’shonest.granted/granting(that)形式不同,但意义相同,意为“即使,就算”,不看做分词,而是从属连词。例如:Grantedthathe’snotbrilliant,heatleastworkshard.Granting(that)youareright,youshouldnottreatherthatway.•5.eventhough“尽管”,evenif“即便”eventhough把引出的从句当成既成事实,与although同义,有时相当于汉语的“尽管”。例如:I’mgoingtoapplyforthejob,eventhoughitpaysverylittle.evenif是把even的让步和if的条件含义结合起来,不把引出的从句当成既成事实,指某种可能的情况,不会阻止另一种情况的发生,相当于汉语中的“即便”,带有条件意味,因此从句要用现在时表将来。I’mgoingtoapplyforthejob,evenifitpaysverylittle.(Idon’tknowwhatitpays)They’llstaybyyouevenifyoudon’tsucceed.•6.whether…(ornot)“无论是…或是…”Whetheritrainsornot,Ishallgooutforanoutingtomorrow.Whetherwewinorlose,wearegoingtodoourbest.说明:1)以上例句中whether作“无论”解,用现代时表将来。但当whether作“是否”解时,则不能用现代时表将来。例如:Canyoutellmewhetheritwillrainornottomorrow?(是否)Whetheritwilldousmoreharmthangoodremainstobeseen.(是否)•7.“疑问词+ever”构成的复合词或“nomatter+wh-”引导:whoever,whichever,whatever,whenever,wherever,howevernomatterwhoever,nomatterwhichever,nomatterwhatevernomatterwhenever,nomatterwherever,nomatterhoweverWhoever(nomatterwho)youare,youmustobeythelaw.Ithasthesameresultwhicheverwayyoudoit.Whatever(nomatterwhat)happens,weshallneverlosehope.Comeandseemewhenever(nomatterwhen)youwantto.Howevercolditis,sheoftengoesswimming.说明:whoever,whichever,whatever有名词性质,可以作主语或宾语;whichever,whatever还具有形容词性质,可修饰名词;whenever,wherever,however有副词性质,修饰动词、形容词或副词;

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