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毕业设计题目直流电机转速控制系统设计开发所在部门职称工号姓名日期I摘要在电气时代的今天，电动机一直在现代化的生产和生活中起着十分重要的作用。直流电机的结构复杂，成本高，运行维护困难，在转速控制中，直流电机的稳速指标一般很难达到要求。本文针对直流电机的特点，根据自动控制原理，采用PWM控制方式，设计了直流脉宽调速系统以更好地控制直流电机的转速。本系统设计以89S52单片机为控制核心，以小直流电机为控制对象，实现单闭环控制速度控制，用键盘输入有关控制信号及参数,采用单片机接口输出PWM脉冲和H桥驱动电路控制直流电机，实现电机的正方转和速度调节，并使用光电开关检测电机转速，在LED上实时显示有关参数。本系统软件部分采用模块化的思想进行设计，首先画出主要模块，即主程序模块、按键扫描模块、中断处理模块和PID算法模块的流程框图，再采用C语言编写出相关程序，然后调试程序，使其完成相应功能。最终通过系统测试，电机经过约5秒钟进入稳定状态，没有出现过大的超调或欠调。稳态时，转速误差在±3转/秒。由于转速测量装置晃动大，由此引起的测量值会意外发生错误，使电机有时会出现转速的瞬间飙升或骤减，但不会引起系统失调，系统会迅速自动调整转速，再次达到稳定状态。关键词：单片机直流电机调速PWMPID控制IIABSTRACTIntheageofelectricitytoday,motorhasbeeninthemodernizationofproductionandlifeplaysaveryimportantrole.Dcmotorofthestructureiscomplex,highcost,operationandmaintenancedifficultiesinspeedcontrol,dcmotorofthesteadyspeedindexgenerallydifficulttomeetrequirements.Aimingatthecharacteristicsofdcmotor,accordingtoautomaticcontrolprinciple,adoptPWMcontrolmode,thedesigndcpulse-widthspeedregulationsystemtobettercontroldcmotorspeed.Thissystemdesignedto89S52microcontrollerascontrolcore,insmalldcmotorforcontrolobject,realizesingleclosed-loopcontrolspeedcontrol,usekeyboardinputrelevantcontrolsignalandparameters,USESthemonolithicinterfaceoutputPWMpulseandHbridgedrivingcircuitcontroldcmotorsudoku,realizethemotorspeedregulation,andturnandusephotoelectricswitchdetectionmotorspeed,thereal-timedisplayinLEDrelatedparameters.Thissystemsoftwarepartadoptsmodularthought,firstdrawthemainmodule,namelythemainprogrammodule,buttonsscanningmodule,interrupthandlingmoduleandPIDalgorithmmodules,andthenusingtheflowdiagramwritteninClanguageprogram,andthentherelevantdebugging,makeitscompletecorrespondingfunction.Finallythroughsystemtest,motorafterabout5secondsinastablecondition,notappearexcessiveovershootorowetone.Steady-stateerrorofplusorminus3,speedinturn/SEC.Becausespeedmeasurementdevice,shakingarisingfromthemeasuredvalueswillaccidentallyerrorsoccur,makemotorcanappearsometimesspeedmoments,butnotsurgingorslumpcausedsystemdysregulation,thesystemwillautomaticallyadjustspeed,quicklyagainreachstablestate.Keywords：SCMDC-motorspeedmodificationPWMPIDcontrolIII目录摘要.................................................................IABSTRACT..............................................................II前言..................................................................11.直流电机概述.........................................................21.1直流电机的主要结构..............................................21.1.1定子部分..................................................21.1.2转子部分..................................................31.1.3气隙......................................................31.2直流电机的特性..................................................31.3本章小结........................................................42.PWM控制和PID调节...................................................52.1PWM控制........................................................52.2PID调节........................................................62.3本章小结........................................................83.系统方案论证........................................................103.1系统结构方案论证...............................................103.2转速测量方案论证...............................................103.3电机调速控制方案论证...........................................113.4键盘及显示方案论证.............................................113.5PWM的调速工作以及软件实现方案论证.............................113.5.1PWM调速工作方式..........................................113.5.2PWM的软件实现............................................123.6本章小结.......................................................124.控制部分设计........................................................134.1AT89S52单片机简介.............................................134.1.1AT89S52单片机的引脚功能...................................134.1.2AT89S52单片机的存储器结构................................164.2AT89S52单片机的中断系统.......................................19IV4.2.1中断申请与控制...........................................194.2.2中断响应.................................................204.3AT89S52单片机的定时/计数......................................214.4本章小结.......................................................225.硬件电路设计........................................................235.1系统原理框图...................................................235.2各模块电路.....................................................235.2.1电源模块.................................................235.2.2电机速度检测模块.........................................245.2.3按键模块.................................................245.2.4电机驱动模块.............................................255.2.5速度显示模块.............................................265.3本章小结.......................................................276.软件设计............................................................286.1主程序设计.....................................................286.2键盘中断处理程序...............................................296.3PID算法程序...................................................306.4本章小结.......................................................31结论.............................................................