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UnderstandingTextStructuresWhatisatextstructure?•A“structure”isabuildingorframework•“Textstructure”referstohowapieceoftextisbuiltWhatisatextstructure?•Builderscanusedifferentkindsofstructurestobuilddifferentthings•Askyscraper,forexample,isadifferentkindofstructurefromahouseWhatisatextstructure?•Writersusedifferentstructurestobuildtheirideas•EachtextstructurecommunicatesideasinadifferentwayChronologicalorder•Authorsusechronologicalordertoexplainhowthingshappeninorder•ChronologicalorderisalsocalledsequenceortimeorderChronologicalorder•Youwillknowthatyouarereadingatextinchronologicalorderbecauseyouwillseewordslikefirst,next,later,then,andfinallyChronologicalorder•Youwilloftenseechronologicalorderindirections:Haveyouevermademacaroniandcheese?It’ssimple!First,boilsomewaterandmakesomemacaroni.Then,makeyourcheesesauce.Afterthecheesesauceisready,mixitwiththemacaroni.Baketheentirethingintheoven.Finally,it’stimetoeat!Chronologicalorder•Youwilloftenseechronologicalorderindirections:Haveyouevermademacaroniandcheese?It’ssimple!First,boilsomewaterandmakesomemacaroni.Then,makeyourcheesesauce.Afterthecheesesauceisready,mixitwiththemacaroni.Baketheentirethingintheoven.Finally,it’stimetoeat!Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?Pennsylvaniahasmanyhistoricsites.YoucanvisitRevolutionarywarsites,likeValleyForge.YoucanalsovisitimportantlocationsfromtheCivilWar,likeGettysburg.Finally,youcanalsoseethesiteofthefirstoilwellinTitusville.Pennsylvaniahasmanyneatplacestovisit!Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.Thisistheparagraphinchronologicalorder.Canyoufindthecluewordsthatshowthisorder?Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.Thisistheparagraphinchronologicalorder.Canyoufindthecluewordsthatshowthisorder?Thinkaboutit!•Whatisastructure?•Whatdoeschronologicalordermean?•Whataresomecluewordsthatshowchronologicalorder?Anothertextstructure•Butwhatifanauthordoesn’twanttoshowhowsomethinghappenedinsequence?•Theauthorwouldneedtouseanothertextstructure!Anothertextstructure•Supposeanauthorwantedtoexplainhowthesetwobirdsaresimilaranddifferent•Chronologicalorderwouldn’twork---thereisnoorderofevents•TheauthorwouldneedtousecompareandcontrastAnothertextstructureThecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.CompareandcontrastcluewordsWhenauthorsusethetextstructureofcompareandcontrast,theyoftenusespecialcluewordstoshowthistextstructure.Canyoufindthecluewordsintheparagraph?Canyoufindthecluewords?Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.Heretheyare!Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.Compareandcontrastgraphicorganizer•Toorganizedetailsfromaparagraphincompareandcontrast,useaVenndiagramReview•Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenchronologicalorderandcompareandcontrast?•Howcancluewordshelpyouasareader?Anothertextstructure•Sometimes,awriterwillwanttoexplainhowoneeventleadstoanother•ThiskindoftextstructureiscalledcauseandeffectCauseandeffectcluewords•Whenauthorswriteparagraphstoshowcausesandeffects,theyusewordslikecause,effect,asaresult,consequently,andsoCanyoufindthecluewords?Thenight’ssnowstormhadmanyeffects.Peoplewereoutshovelingsnowfromtheirsidewalks.Thepowerlinesweredrapedwithice.Snowplowsdrovedowneverystreet.Childrenwerethehappiestofall.Theunexpectedsnowcausedschooltobecancelled!Canyoufindthecluewords?Thenight’ssnowstormhadmanyeffects.Peoplewereoutshovelingsnowfromtheirsidewalks.Thepowerlinesweredrapedwithice.Snowplowsdrovedowneverystreet.Childrenwerethehappiestofall.Theunexpectedsnowcausedschooltobecancelled!MorewithcauseandeffectBabypaintedturtlesspen