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THEINFINITIVE(SeniorGrammar)1.不定式的形式不定式通常由不定式符号“to+动词原形”构成，比如动词write的不定式就是towrite。不定式也有时态和语态。例如:时态语态一般式进行式完成式主动todotobedoingtohavedone被动tobedonetohavebeendoneeg.Ihavealotofworktodo.eg.Shehasnoneedtobeworrying.eg.HeissaidtohaveleftShanghai.eg.ThepresidentwasreportedtohavebeenflyingacrosstheAtlantic.2.不定式的时态:3.不定式的语态：Themattertobediscussedatthemeetingisahardnuttocrack.Theywereallwaitingforthegatetobeopened.Heissuretohavebeentaughtbyagoodmusician.I’msorryforthearticlenottohavebeenfinishedintime.不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语+宾语补足语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。3.不定式结构eg.HebegantostudyRussian.eg.Hewantedtosendmeagift.eg.Hebegantofeelsad.Itcontinuedtorainheavily.Hedecidedtoliveinthecountryside.4.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加not,never等否定词。Wedecidednottobuythehouse.Shewishednevertoseethemagain.Shewastoldnottobeworryinganymore.Iunderstandhimnottohavelefthere.5.不定式结构的句法功能不定式结构在句中可以作主语，宾语，补语，表语，定语和状语。⑴Asthesubject:eg.Togivegoodserviceisourduty.eg.Tocleantheroomonceaweekisnecessary.eg.Todevelopagricultureisveryimportant.eg.Tomeetyouisagreatpleasure.不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个“it”,而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：Itisourdutytogivegoodservice.Itisnecessarytocleantheroomonceaweek.Itisveryimportanttodevelopagriculture.Itisagreatpleasuretomeetyou.⑵Asthepredictive:不定式作表语有两种情况:①主语和表语都是不定式eg.Toprotectforestsistokeepnaturalbalance.eg.Topromisetoomuchistopromisenothing.②主语通常是由hope,idea,job,plan,mistake,suggestion,wish,work等词充当.eg.Thepoorgirl’swishwastobuyapairofwarmshoes.eg.Hissuggestionwastomakeafire.eg.Whathewouldsaywastocallameeting.⑶Astheobject:能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,mean,offer,plan,prefer,refuse,promise,remember,try,want,wish等.eg.TheydecidedtomovetoShanghaiimmediately.eg.Shepreferedtoliveinthecountryside.eg.Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.eg.Thechildrenbeggedtocomewithus.eg.Itmeansthateveryathleteshouldtrytorunfaster.如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补,就得用“it”作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。eg.QuitealotofstudentsfinditdifficulttomasterEnglish.eg.Doyouthinkitpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time?作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。eg.Haveyoudecidedwhentogo?eg.Thelittlegirlforgotwhattosay.eg.Idon’tknowwhichtochoose.这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。eg.Heaskedmehowtopronouncetheword.eg.Hedidn’ttellmewhattodonext.eg.Weshowedthemhowtorepairthecar.eg.Hepromisedmetogetadoctorformydaughter.⑷Astheobjectcomplement:在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中，不定式结构可作宾语补语。eg.Shetoldmetogetupearly.eg.I’dlovethemtocometonight.eg.Wethinkhimtobeanoutstandingscientist.eg.Iadvisedhimtoseeadoctorimmediately.在feel,hear,see,listento,notice,watch,let,make,have等动词之后，不定式通常不带to。eg.Isawaboyclimboverthefence.eg.Weallfeltthehouseshake.eg.Iwon’tletyougoalone.eg.WewillhaveTomhelpgroupA.但若这些动词用于被动语态，其后的不定式就需要带“to”.eg.Aboywasseentoclimbtohismother.eg.Theclockwasheardtostriketwelve.eg.Heworkedhardtocatchupwithhisclassmates.⑸Astheadverbial不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等意义。a.表示目的eg.Hewenthometoseehisbrother.eg.TostudythepoliticalsituationinRussia,MarxbegantolearnRussianattheageoffifty.为了加强语势，不定式结构还可以用inorderto/soasto来引导。eg.Theoldmanputonhisglassesinorderto/soastoseetheobjectmoreclearly.eg.Inordertogetthemoneyforhighereducation,hedidalotofoddjobs.b.表示结果不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式：eg.Heissocarelessastogeteverythingoutoforder.eg.Heissuchafoolastothinkthateverybodyelseisafraidofhim.eg.It’stoolateforustogohome.eg.Shewastootiredtoworkon.此外，还可以在句尾用(only)to…表示一种出乎预料的（通常是不愉快的）结果。eg.Ihurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.eg.Hegottotheairport(only)tobetoldthattheflightwascancelled.c.表示原因eg.Hewassadtohearthenews.eg.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.eg.I’msorrytohavemadethemistake.eg.I’mgladforyoutohavefinishedtheworksosoon.Astheattribute不定式作定语通常只能置于被修饰的名词之后.It’stimetogotobed.Ihavealettertowrite.Shemadeapromisenottodoitagain.不定式作定语通常与被修饰词在意义上有着主谓或动宾关系.Thisisthebestbookonthesubjecttoappearatpresent.Hehasalargefamilytosupport.在处于动宾关系的情况下,如果不定式属于不及物动词,其后还要加上一个结构或含义上所需要的介词.Iuseapentowritewith.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Ibroughtachairtositon.不定式的复合结构:for+n.+todosth.表示如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,可以用I’mafraidforhertogoswimmingalone.Theboxwasheavyformetocarry.ExercisesRewritethesentences,usingtheinfinitive:Model:Youareverykindtome.Youhavedonemeagreatfavour.It’sverykindofyoutohavedonemeagreatfavour.1.IwassorrywhenIheardthat.2.Hewantedtobecomeaphysicist.Thatwashiswish.3.Theyhurriedtothestation.TheywantedtocatchthefirsttrainforNanjing.4.Theboywasveryyoung.Hecouldn’tunderstandallthis.5.Thetemperatureisnothighenough.Itcan’tmeltthemetal.6.Wouldyouopenthewindow?Iwanttoletinsomefreshair.7.Hewasnervous.Hedarednotspeaktosuchalargeaudience.8.ThefirstguestwhoarrivedwasUncleTom.9.IsthereanythingurgentthatIshoulddothisafternoon?10.Allofusweredelightedwhenweheardofthegoodnews.11.Achildmusthaveaten-hoursleepaday.Itisveryimportant.12.Weweretoldthatwemusthandinourcompositionsbytheweekend.13.Wecan’tfinishtheworkinaweek’stime.Itisimpossible.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:1河太宽了，我们游不过去。2你必须记住给我母亲打电话。3是我们准备考试的时候了。4今天你有要洗的衣服吗？5那个贼跑得太快，没有被捉住。6你有必要亲自处理这件事吗？7天气太冷，孩子们不能去游泳。8他没有料到能在比赛中得了第一名。9我不想让你整天为孩子们的教育发愁。10他赶到电影院，不料票卖光了。11他讨厌人们拿他取笑。12我希望得到另一次机会。13他们不让参观者拍摄展品的照片。14没有