情态动词一.情态动词类型:1)只作情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),oughtto2)可作情态动词也可作实义动词:need,dare3)可作情态动词,也可作助动词:shall(should),will(would)二.情态动词分别讲解1.Must1)“必须,一定要”可用于肯定句,表示说话人的主观意志,否定句表示禁止听话人干某事,疑问句中表示征求听话人意见,是否必要做某事。Wemustbeconfidentinourselves.Youmustn’tsmokeintheclassroom.--Mustwehandinourexerciseinclass?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto.2)表推测,“必然,必定”只用于肯定句,不用于疑问否定句中。(1)现在的肯定推测:mustdoHemustbemad.(2)现在正在进行的动作:mustbedoingTheymustbewaitingforus.(3)过去的肯定推测:musthavedoneThedoorislocked.Theymusthaveleft.3)“偏要,硬要”表示不耐烦。Mustyousmokehere?2.Can1)“能,会”强调人和动物所具有的能力。Duckscanswim.IcanspeakEnglish.2)“可以,许可”Youcansmokehere.3)表示事物发生的可能性,表“推测”。肯定句:理论上、客观上的可能性。JiangsucanbewarminJuly.疑问句或否定:具体事实的可能性。表示疑惑,惊讶或者不相信的意思。Howcanheberudetoyou?3.Could1)can的过去式:“可能,许可”Hetoldmethathecouldliftmorethan100kilograms.TheteachertomemethatIcouldhandinmyhomeworklater.2)could提要求,比can更委婉。--CouldI…?–Yes,youcan.–Canyou…?--Yes,Ican.3)对过去情况的推测:could(not)havedone:(1)对当时情况推测:(当时可能/不可能)Youcouldhavehurtsomeone.(有可能做了,也有可能没做)(2)虚拟(对过去)(本来可以/不可以)Icouldhavegonetohelpyou.Whydidn’tyouaskme?(本来可以却没做)4.May1)许可,允许:Youmayjoinusinthegame.注意否定回答:--MayIsmokehere?--No,youcan’t/mustn’t./--No,you’dbetternot/I’mafraidnot.2)可能。不用于疑问句。You’dbettertakeamapwithyou,oryoumayloseyourway.注意:Mayheisinnocentoftherobbery?(错,换成can/could)3)mayhavedone:推测,不用于疑问句。也没有虚拟意味。Ourteachermayhavemistakenmymotherformysister.(可能性)5.Could1)作may的过去式。表过去的“许可,允许”用于间接引语。Heasked“Can/MayIsitdown?”Heaskedifhecouldsitdown.2)对现在情况推测,可能性比may小。Hemightbehereontime,butIamnotsure.3)用于疑问,客气委婉的提出请求。--MightIcomein?--Yes,youmay.4)mighthavedone=couldhavedone对过去事情的推测,可能做了。还可用于虚拟Hemighthavegotcaughtintheshower.Youmighthavepersuadedhimintogivinguptheidea,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.(虚拟)6.Should/Oughtto1)应该,应当(义务):Youshouldsticktoyouropinion.2)推测,用于陈述句。“按理应当,估计”:Theyshouldbetherebynow,fortheyhavebeenawayfortwohours.3)should(not)havedone本应该/本不应该Youshouldn’thavescoldedtheboyforhehastriedhisbest.(本不应该却做了)4)竟然:从句中用来表示惊讶,不以为然:Heshouldhavefallenasleepintheclass.7.Shall1)主语的意愿决心。用于第一人称:Ishallfollowyouwhereryougo.2)表示建议/请求,用于一,三人称疑问句:Shallwegoforawalk?3)表示说话人给予对方的允诺,命令,警告,威胁,决心等。用于二,三人称Youshallfailofyoudon’tworkharder.(警告)Ifyoufinishtheworkaheadoftime,youshallhaveaweekoff.(许诺)Nobodyshallstayintheclasswhenclassisover.(命令)8.will/would1)表意愿(would表过去意愿):IwillmakehimchangehismindevenifIstayupallnight.Theyaskedusifwewouldhavealook-roundfirst.2)表请求,建议(用于第二人称)(would语气更委婉)Willyoudropinandhaveachatwithme?Wouldyoucometomyofficewhenitisconvenient?3)表示倾向,习惯(肯定句)总是,会(否定句)不肯,就不(would表过去的习惯)Adrowningpersonwillcatchatastraw.Theoldcouplewouldtakeawalkonfineafternoons.9.Need/Dare1)情态动词:need/dare(not)dosth.Need/Dare+主+do…?实义动词:need/daretodosth.don’tneed/daretodosth.Do+主+need/daretodosth…?Needyougososoon?Doyouneedtogosoon?2)need情态动词时,疑问句回答--Needyougosoon?--Yes,Imust/--No,Ineedn’t.3)needn’thavedone:虚拟,没做某事的必要,但做了Youneedn’thavetoldhimabouttheaccident.