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11美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices净化信仰和行为方式2)WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.学习指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?关于美国清教徒的描绘LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothepurityofthefirst-centurychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreached.Itwasthiskindofreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeaanttoprovethatwereGod'schosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoningandrevolution)(2009-01-1715:54:25)一、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901）PoorRichard'sAlmanac穷人查理德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。4）firstappliedthetermspositiveandnegativetoelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道TheAutobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传222、ThomasPaine托马斯·佩因1737-1809GreatCommonofMankind最平凡的人1）famouspamphletCommonSense著名的政治小册子《常识》itboldlyadvocatedaDeclarationforIndependence,andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）AmericanCrisis《美国危机》，signedCommonSense(p31,第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise税务员问题；CommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；RightsofMan人的权利：DownfallofDespotism专制体制的崩溃；TheAgeofReason理性时代3、ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledtheFatherofAmericanPoetry美国诗歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地学习指南：1、TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.美国文学史复习3（Romanicism)(2009-01-1718:58:09)一、文学特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点：pluralistic多元化manifestationsvaried表现形式多样Individualistic个人主义conflicting矛盾3、Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiam,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasou