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美国文学史整理一、ColonialAmerica殖民时期1、NewEngland：Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut.2、DoctrinesofPuritanism清教AmericanPuritanismstressedpredestination（命运神定),originalsin（原罪）,totaldepravity(彻底的堕落),andlimitedatonement(有限的赎罪)fromGod’sgrace.3、Writingstyle：fresh,simpleanddirectandwithatouchofnobility；therhetoricisplainandhonest.4、Lifestyle：hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.5、Mainwriter:①ThomasPaine托马斯·潘恩work：CommonSense(1776)《常识》AmericanCrisis(1776-1783)《美国危机》TheRightsofMan《人权》TheAgeofReason《理性时代》②BenjaminFranklin（本杰明·富兰克林）PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography《富兰克林自传》clarity,goodsense,andsimplicityoftheEnglishessayistsJosephAddisonandRichardSteele③ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊DeclarationofIndependence(1776)《独立宣言》simpleandclear,powerfulandgraceful二、AmericanRomanticism(earlyperiod)浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。②Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。③Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。④Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.强调人与自然之间的密切关系。⑤Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪⑥Cherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。2、Features：NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation.3、writersandworks:①HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗APsalmofLife(1838)《人生礼赞》VoicesoftheNight(1839)《夜吟》TheSongofHiawatha(1855)《海华沙之歌》TheCourtshipofMilesStandish(1858)《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》TalesofaWaysideInn(1863)《路边客栈的故事》②WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文FatherofAmericanImaginativeliterature；FatheroftheAmericanshortstoryAHistoryofNewYork(1809)《纽约外史》TheSketchBook(1819-1820)《见闻札记》“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》(ThecognomenofCranewasnotinapplicabletohisperson…..)BracebridgeHall(1822)《布雷斯布里奇田庄》TalesofaTraveller(1824)《旅客谈》③JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏writingonsuchsubjectsastheRevolution,thefrontier,thesea,andthewilderness?Leather-stockingTales《皮袜子故事集》ThePioneer《拓荒者》ThePrairie《大草原》TheSpy《间谍》三、NewEnglandTranscendentalism(新英格兰超验主义)1、Over-soul（超灵）~wasanall-pervadingpowergoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent.(简答)IndividualismindividualwasthemostimportantafreshviewofnaturesymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.2、writersandworks:①RalphWaldoEmerson艾默生Nature(1836)《论自然》节选：Standingonthebareground,—myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintospace,—allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparcelofGod.TheAmericanScholar(1837)《论美国学者》DivinitySchoolAddress(1838)《神学院演说》Self-Reliance(1841)《论自助》RepresentativeMen(1850)《代表人物》TheTranscendentalist《超验主义者》TheOver-Soul《论超灵》②HenryDavidThoreau梭罗Loverofnature,environmentalist;Individualism,materialismandindustrialcivilizationWalden;orLifeintheWoods(1854)《瓦尔登湖；或林中生活》节选Ourvillagelifewouldstagnateifitwerenotfortheunexploredforestsandmeadowswhichsurroundit.……WecanneverhaveenoughofNature.四、AmericanRomanticism(laterperiod)浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。1、HighRomanticsinfiction①NathanielHawthorne霍桑Twice-ToldTales(1837)《尽人皆知的故事》MossesfromanOldManse(1846)《古屋青苔》TheScarletletter(1850)《红字》TheHouseofSeverGables(1851)《有七个尖角阁的房子》BlithedaleRomance(1852)《福谷传奇》TheMarbleFaun(1860)《玉石雕像》OurOldHouse(1863)《我们的故居》symbolsandsetting,ambiguity,supernaturalelements.Hisstyleissoft,flowing,andalmostfeminine.Histouchislight,buthisobservationissomber.②HermanMelville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Moby-Dick(1851)《白鲸》(pp113-118)Pierre(1852)《皮埃尔》Typee(1846)《泰比》Omoo(1847)《奥穆》Mardi(1849)《玛迪》2、HighRomanticsinpoetry①EdgarAllanPoe艾伦·坡thefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestory.TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque(1840)《怪诞故事集》“TheRaven”(1845)《乌鸦》“AnnabelLee”(1849)《安娜贝尔·李》②WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼LeavesofGrass《草叶集》FeaturesinWhitman’spoems：·Organicform：extremelylong,notconstrainedbythenumberofbeatsinaline.·Thoughtrhythm：doesnotmoveintermsofbeats,butintermsofthoughts.·Parallelism：Theparallellinessaythesamethingbutusedifferentwords.·Cataloguingtechnique：longlistsofimages,sights,sounds,smells,taste,andtouch.③Freeverse(自由诗)④EmilyDickinson艾米丽·狄金森Theme：Religion&faithBeauty&truthLife&deathNaturefriendshiplove&marriageWork：IdiedforbeautyFeatures：frequentuseofdashes（破折号），sporadiccapitalizationofnouns（零星的名词），convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing（措辞费解不合文法），off-rhymes（压尾韵）,brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors（大胆的隐喻）,andaphoristicwit（警句）.五、TheAgeofRealism美国现实主义文学·atthelaterpartofthe19thcentury.·simplyfidelitytoactualityinitsrepresentationinliterature.·basedontheaccurateofhumanexperiences.·Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.·isinclusiveofnaturalism,regionalismandlocalcolorwriting.feature：objectiveandrealWritersandworks:①HowellsTheirWeddingJourney(1872)《结婚旅行》②Hen