语言学概论期末考试范围

1语言学概论期末复习2014.11.diachroniclinguisticsLinguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.2.arbitrarinessLanguageisarbitraryfortheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthelinguisticsignsandtheirmeaningsisamatterofconvention,andconventionsdifferradicallyacrosslanguages.3.langueAccordingtoSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemssharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itcanbethoughtofasthegeneralizedrulesofthelanguagethatmembersofaspeechcommunityseemtoabideby.4.competenceChomskydefinescompetenceastheabstractidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Accordingtohim,anyonewhoknowsalanguagehasinternalizedasetofrulesaboutthesequencespermittedinhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesistermedasaperson’scompetence.5.morphemeThemostbasicelementofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.The“morpheme’isthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.6.MorphologyMorphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed7.SemantictriangleAccordingtoOgdenandRichard’ssemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtheworld,orbetweenthesymbol(thelinguisticelements,theword,thesentence)andreferent(theobjectintheworldofexperience).Thelinkisviathoughtorreference,theconceptsofourminds.8.LinguafrancaLinguafrancaisthegeneraltermforalanguagethatservesasameansofcommunicationbetweendifferentgroupsofspeakers.9.componentialanalysisComponentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning,anditdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.10.CooperativePrincipleCooperativePrinciple(CP)wasproposedbyPaulGrice,underwhichtherearefourmaxims:themaximofquantity,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.Itmeansincommunication,bothpartiesinvolvedwillnormallyseektocooperatewitheachothertoestablishagreedmeaning.11.acquisitionTheterm“acquisition”isusedtorefertopickingupalanguagethroughexposure.It2referstothesubconsciousorconsciousprocesses.Itislearnedinanaturaloratutoredsettings.12.interlanguageItreferstothelearner’sindependentsystemofthesecondlanguagewhichisneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.I.Studentsshouldbeabletoanswerthefollowingquestions:1)Explainthethreekindsofintersententialsematicrelations:entailment,presuppositionandimplicature.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion,IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.e.g.X:IhavebeentoShanghai.Y:IhavebeentoChinaifxistrue,thenyisalsotrue,IfYisfalse,thenXisalsofalse.ThenXentailsY.XpresupposesY.(Yisapre-requisiteofX).X:John’sbrotherhasgotmarried.Y:Johnhasabrother.Implicature:Thespeakermayuseimpliedmeaningbutnottheliteralmeaning.2)AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance?Giveanexample.AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking.Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.Thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakerishisutteranceofallthewords.“you”,“have”,“door”,“open”,etc.thusexpressingwhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhatby,askingsuchanutterancehehasexpressedhisintentionofspeaking,thatis,askingsomeonetoclosethedoor,ormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.Ifthethenhearergetsthespeaker’smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethedoor,thenthespeakergoestoclosethedoorforthespeaker.3)Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenacquisitionandlanguagelearning?Rod(1985)andKrashen(1981)regardacquisitionasthespontaneousinternalizationofrulesandformulas.Thetermacquisitionisoftenusedtorefertofirstlanguageacquisitionandsecondlanguageacquisition.Firstlanguageacquisitionisalsocalledmothertongueacquisition.Acquisitiontakesplaceinthespeechcommunitywhereone'sfirstlanguageorsecondlanguageisspoken.Itisoftennatural,withoutmuchfocusonform.ThelearningofEnglishbyspeakersofotherlanguagesintheUnitedStatesisanexampleofsecondlanguageacquisition.Foreignlanguagelearningusuallytakesplaceinthespeechcommunitywhereone'sfirstlanguageisspoken.Itisaconsciousprocessthroughformalschool-likesettingsandrequirestimeforprocessing,withfocusonlinguisticforminadditiontoknowledgeoftherulesoflanguageuse.Forexample,thelearningofEnglishinChina.4)WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenSemanticsandPragmatics?Semanticsfocusesonthemeaningthatcomesfromlinguisticknowledgewithout3consideringthecontext.Pragmaticsstudiesthemeaninginacertaincontexttakingourknowledgeaboutthephysicalandsocialworldintoaccount.Semanticanalysislookforruleswhichareblackandwhite,i.e.youareeitherrightorwrong.Pragmaticanalysislookforprinciples.Youcanobeythemtosomeextentandviolatethemtosomeextent.5)WhydowesayLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvoc