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ByronicheroAproud,mysterious,rebellious,gloomyfigureofnobleorigin,withfierypassionsandunbendingwill,expressesByron’sownidealoffreedom.Herisesagainsttyrannyandinjustice,buthe’smerelyalonefighterstrivingforpersonalfreedom.SonnetAsonnetisa14-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme.Sonnetsvarybutareusuallywritteniniambicpentameter,followingoneoftwotraditionalpatterns:thePetrarchanorItaliansonnetandtheShakespeareanorEnglishsonnet.Asonnetgenerallyexpressesasinglethemeoridea.Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。LakePoetsTheLakePoetsalllivedintheLakeDistrictofEnglandattheturnofthenineteenthcentury.Asagroup,theyfollowednosingleschoolofthoughtorliterarypracticethenknown,althoughtheirworkswereuniformlydisparagedbytheEdinburghReview.TheyareconsideredpartoftheRomanticMovement早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。Metaphysicalpoetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.2witharebelliousspirit，theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.3thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods，andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.MetaphysicalpoetsisatermcoinedbythepoetandcriticSamuelJohnsontodescribealoosegroupofBritishlyricpoetsofthe17thcentury,whoseworkwascharacterizedbytheinventiveuseofconceits,andbyspeculationabouttopicssuchasloveorreligion.JohnDonneisthemostimportantrepresentative.玄学派诗歌一般用来称呼那些在JohnDonne影响下写作的作家的作品。玄学派诗人一种背叛精神去试着打破传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗的束缚。玄学诗歌多使用巧智（witandconceit），结构精巧（ingeniousstructure），韵律多变（irregularmeter），语言口语化（colloquiallanguage），意象奇特（elaborateimagery），并把不同的事物并置（adrawingtogetherofdissimilaridea）。它们的意象多来源于现实生活。Neoclassicism（新古典主义）Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.2thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.3theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder，logic，restrainedemotionandaccuracy，andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanityRomanticism（浪漫主义）1Inthemid-18thcentury，anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.2Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism，whichemphasizedreason，orderandelegantwit.Instead，romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion，emotion，andnaturalbeauty.3Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.4TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetrywhichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworth，ByronandShelley.13.Modernism（现代主义）Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermforamovement，whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.2modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.3thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry，fiction，drama，painting，musicandarchitecture.4inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s，inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod，modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.5asfarasliteratureisconcerned，Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules，traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatman„spositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.Itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.14.Streamofconsciousness（orinteriormonologue）Inliterarycriticism，Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual„spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter‟sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext，transferredfrompsychology，isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow，tracingastheydoacharacter„sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.FamouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheEnglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。意识流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅。辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领域。意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白。它的特别是联想性，以句法和标点的跳跃，文章的晦涩难懂为特征。来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉。比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯。福克纳。MetaphysicalPoetry(玄学派诗歌)Thepoemsof17th-centuryEnglishpoets,whoseverseischaracterizedbyanintellectuallychallengingstyleandextendedmetaphorscomparingverydissimilarthings.玄学派诗歌：17世纪英国诗人的诗歌，这种诗歌的特点是风格极具智慧，引人深思，善用引申的暗喻来对比极其不同的事物.Realism(现实主义)Therepresentationinartorliteratureofobjects,actions,orsocialconditionsastheyactuallyare,withoutidealizationorpresentationinabstractform.现实主义：在艺术或文学中将事物，行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表现