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3个重要作家ErnestHemingwayErnestHemingway(1899-1961)isanAmericannovelist,journalistandwarcorrespondent.Heistheleadingspokesmanofthe“LostGeneration”,awardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954.(Thematicpatterns)(1)TheLostGeneration:describedin“TheSunalsoRises”(1926).Thegenerationwas“lost”inthesensethattheyweredisillusionedwiththewar-wreckedworldandspirituallyalienatedfromacivilizationandreplacedbydespairoracynicalhedonism.(2)TheHemingwayCodeHero:describedin“TheOldManandTheSea”(1952).Amancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.(Lifeisfulloftensionandbattles,theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.Thosewhosurviveandperhapsemergevictoriousintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewithasetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,endurance,wisdomareknownastheHemingwaycode.)(3)Icetheory:Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.TypicalofthisiceberganalogyisHemingway'sstyle.Itmeans“Lessismore”.(e.g:Hisnovel“IndianCamp”hasfour“Icebergs”astheshadow.)Application:Hemingway’sCodeHeroisembodiedin“IndianCamp.ItrelatesthestoryofyoungNickwatchinghisfatherdeliveranIndianwomanofababybycaesariansectionwithajack-knifeandwithoutanesthesiatorelievethepain.Inthisnovel,Hemingway'sconcernaboutviolenceanddeathbyrevealingNick'sfeelingofperplexity,anxietyandterroroverthemiseryoflifeanddeath.Hemingwayintroducedusfivemedicalknowledgeinthenovelthroughthefather’steaching.(Writingstyle)(1)Hemingway'snovelarebasedonusingshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentences,preciseimagery,andanimpersonal,dramatictone.Nodetailiswasted.(Lessismore).(2)Heisgoodatusing“IcebergTheory”,andcolloquialstyle.(3)Hemingwaydevelopsthestyleofco1loquialism,understatementandsymbolism.(4)Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharewellpresented,sothecharactersarefulloffleshandblood.HenryDavidThoreauHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)isanAmericanessayist,poetandphilosopher.HeistherepresentativeofthephilosophicalandliteraryschoolofAmericanTranscendentalism.In1845hebuiltacabinbesidetheWaldenPondandlivedthereinaverysimplemannerforovertwoyears,whichgavebirthtoagreattranscendentalistwork—Walden(1854).(Writingstyle)Hisliterarystyleinterweavesclosenaturalobservation,personalexperience,pointedrhetoric,symbolicmeanings,andhistoricallore,whiledisplayingapoeticsensibility,philosophicalausterity,andYankeeloveofpracticaldetail.Usepreciselanguage,longandcomplexparagraphsandsentencesandvivid,detaileddescriptions,madeitlucid,simplywroughtandunpretentious.(Theme)(1)ForThoreau,natureisnotmerelysymbolicbutdivineinitselfandhumanbeingscanreceiveprecisecommunicationfromthenaturalworldbywayofpuresenses.(2)Hebelievedinself-cultureandwaseagertoidentifyhimselfwiththeTranscendentalimageoftheself-reliantman.hethinks,themostimportantthingformentodowiththeirlivesistobeself-sufficient.(3)Heemphasizedindividualconscienceandevenconsideredthesocietyfettersofthefreedomofindividuals.Waldenisareflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings,itemphasizestheimportanceofself-reliance,solitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonatureintranscendingthedesperateexistence.Mainlyexpressesacritiqueofconsumerismandcapitalism.Hedoesnotperceivenatureasadeadandpassiveobjectofconquestandexploitation.WaltWhitmanWhitman(1819-1892)isanAmericanpoet,essayist,journalistandhumanist.Hewasapartofthetransitionbetweentranscendentalismandrealism,andwasalsocalled“thefatherofverse”.(Writingstyle)(1)Whitman'spoeticstyleismarkedbytheuseofthepoeticI.(2)Whitmanisalsoradicallyinnovativeintermsoftheformofhispoetry,suchasadoptedfreeverse.(3)Whitmanisconversationalandcasual,inthefluid,expansive,andunstructuredstyleoftalking.UsingParallelismandphoneticatthebeginningofthelines.(4)Hisvocabularyisamazing,heisgoodatusingpowerful,colorfulwordsandoralEnglish.(Theme)Hispoetryisfilledwithoptimisticexpectationandenthusiasmaboutnewthingsandnewepoch.(1)Heshowsconcernforthewholehard-workingpeopleandtheburgeoninglifeofcities.(2)Headvocatestherealizationoftheindividua1value.Mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”singoftheen-massandtheselfaswell.(3)Pursuitofloveandhappinessisapprovedofrepeatedlyandaffectionatelyinhislines.(4)SomeofWhitman'spoemsarepoliticallycommitted.Hismajorwork“LeavesofGrass”commandsgreatattentionbecauseofitsuniquelypoeticembodimentofAmericandemocraticideals.Heisthepoetofthecommonpeopleandtheprophetandsingerofdemocracy.Inthispoetrycollection,(1)Openness,freedom,andindividualismareallconcerned.(2)Itbringsthehard-workingfarmersandlaborersintoAmericanliterature,attacktheslaverysystemandracialdiscrimination.(3)Itextolsnature,democracy,laborandcreation,andsingsofman'sdignityandequality,andofthebrightestfutureofmankind.Mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”singoftheen-massandtheselfaswell.Theworkwastoexpresssomenewpoeticalfeelingsandtoinitiateapoetictraditionandhebelievedthatpoetrycouldplayavita1partintheprocessofcreatinganewnation.文学术语1.Transcendentalism超验主义Transcendentalismisalsocalled“NewEnglandTranscendentalism”.Asaphilosophicalandliterarymoment,Itflourishedfrom1810to1836aroundConcord,Massachusetts.ItwasrepresentedbyWaltWhitman,Her