典型例题-计算题1.已知第一脱甲烷塔的进料组成及操作条件下各组分的相平衡常数如下表所示,要求甲烷的蒸出率为98%,乙烯的回收率为96%,试分别按清晰分割和不清晰分割方法计算馏出液和釜液的组成,并比较两种计算结果。序号1234567组分H2CH4C2H4C2H6C3H6C3H8C4xiF/摩尔%33.85.833.225.70.500.200.70Ki/1.70.280.180.0330.0220.004解:取100Kmol进料为基准,选取甲烷为轻关键组分,乙烯为重关键组分。按清晰分割的概念,组分1为轻组分,全部从塔顶馏出液在采出,组分4、5、6、7为重组分,全部从塔釜液中采出。由于甲烷的蒸出率为98%KmolD684.598.08.52;KmolB116.0684.58.52乙烯的回收率为96%KmolB872.3196.02.333;KmolD328.1872.312.333或KmolBBii188.5970.030.050.07.25872.31116.072828.0812.408.3311DDxD;139.0812.40684.522DDxD002.0188.59116.022BBxB;538.0188.59872.3133BBxB434.0188.5970.2544BBxB;008.0188.5950.055BBxB005.0188.5930.066BBxB;012.0188.5970.077BBxB将计算结果列表如下:组分H2CH4C2H4C2H6C3H6C3H8C40.3380.580.3320.2570.0050.0030.0071.0000.8280.1390.033////1.000/0.0020.5380.4340.0080.0050.0121.00033.85.6841.328////40.8120.11631.87225.700.500.300.7059.188不清晰分割物料衡算由HiiHKK计算各组分的相对挥发度,结果列表。序号1234567组分H2CH4C2H4C2H6C3H6C3H8C4xiF/摩尔%33.85.833.225.70.500.200.70Ki/1.70.280.180.0330.0220.004αi3/6.0711.00.6430.1180.0790.014由于氢气的相对挥发度很大,该组分全部从塔顶馏出液中采出。由333BDBDmNiii和iiiBDF分别计算组分4、5、6、7的分布。对组分4:0074.0872.31328.1643.092.333444BDBDmN;而447.25BD由此计算得189.04D;511.254B对组分5:00001.0872.31328.1118.092.333555BDBDmNi;而555.0BD由此计算得0.05D;50.05B将计算结果列表如下:组分H2CH4C2H4C2H6C3H6C3H8C40.3380.580.3320.2570.0050.0030.0071.0000.8240.1390.0320.005///1.000/0.0020.5400.4320.0080.0050.0121.00033.85.6841.3280.189///41.0010.11631.87225.5110.500.300.7058.9992.要求在常压下分离环己烷a.(沸点80.8℃)和苯b.(沸点80.2℃),它们的恒沸组成为苯0.502(摩尔分数),共沸点77.4℃,现以丙酮为恒沸剂进行恒沸精馏,丙酮与环己烷形成恒沸物,共沸组成为0.60(环己烷摩尔分数),若希望得到几乎纯净的苯,试计算:①所需恒沸剂量。②塔顶、塔釜馏出物量各为多少。(以100kmol/h进料计)解:以100kmol/h进料为基准,设丙酮恒沸剂的用量为Skg,恰好与料液中的环己烷组成恒沸物,进料量和塔顶恒沸物的量和组成分别为DiFixxDF,,,。对环己烷作物料平衡11FDFxDx;kmolxFxDDF8360.0498.010011恒沸剂S的用量为kmolDxSD2.3340.0833由于塔釜希望得到几乎纯净的苯,kmolFxWWF2.50502.0100223.甲醇a.-丙酮b.在55.7℃时形成恒沸物,其恒沸组成为198.01x,水和苯均可作为萃取剂进行萃取精馏以分离甲醇和丙酮,试通过计算确定水c.与苯d.的选择度,并据理说明哪种萃取剂更佳及塔顶馏出液各为何种物质?已知:)(8.0molxS;2798.012A;2634.021A;3794.013A;2211.031A;9709.023A;5576.032A;8923.014A;7494.041A;2012.024A;1533.042A解:以水作萃取剂以苯作萃取剂,以苯作为萃取剂进行萃取精馏分离甲醇和丙酮更佳,而水作为萃取剂比不加入萃取剂时的效果更差。由于甲醇的沸点(64.7℃)高于丙酮(55.7℃),则塔顶馏出物为丙酮,塔釜馏出物为甲醇和苯。4.乙酸甲酯a.和甲醇b.混合物在45℃时为恒沸物,今以水为溶剂进行萃取精馏,已知其组成为7.01x,8.0Sx;447.012A;411.021A;3.113A;82.031A;36.023A;22.032A。试求其选择度,并说明塔顶馏出何物?解:由于甲醇的沸点(64.7℃)低于乙酸甲酯(℃),则塔顶馏出物为甲醇酮,塔釜馏出物为乙酸甲酯和水。5.某裂解气组成如下表所示。组分H2CH4C2H4C2H6C3H6i-C4H10∑0.1320.37180.30200.0970.0840.01321.000现拟以i-C4H10馏分作吸收剂,从裂解气中回收99%的乙烯,原料气的处理量为100kmol/h,塔的操作压力为4.052Mpa,塔的平均温度按-14℃计,求:①为完成此吸收任务所需最小液气比。②操作液气比若取为最小液气比的1.5倍,试确定为完成吸收任务所需理论板数。③各个组分的吸收分率和出塔尾气的量和组成。④塔顶应加入的吸收剂量。解:选乙烯为关键组分,查得在4.052Mpa和-14℃下各组分的相平衡常数列于下表。a.最小液气比的计算在最小液气比下N,9.0关关A9,b.理论板数的计算操作液气比0692.17128.05.15.1minVLVL关键组分的吸收因子为485.172.00692.1关关VKLA理论板数868.81485.1lg199.0485.199.0lg1lg1lgAANc.各个组分的吸收分率和出塔尾气的量和组成由iiiVKLKKAA关关和111NiiNiiiAAA以及iNiivv,1,11;ivV,11;1,1,1Vvyii进行计算结果见表。组分H2CH4C2H4C2H6C3H6i-C4H10∑0.1320.37180.30200.0970.0840.01321.000Ki/3.150.720.500.1450.056iN,1,kmol/h13.237.1830.29.78.41.32100.0A/0.33941.4852.13847.37419.09300.33940.990.9951.0001.00013.224.5610.3020.04850038.11150.34640.64450.00790.0013d.吸收剂量塔内气体的平均流率为:hkmolV/056.6921115.38100塔内液体的平均流率为:944.302)8885.61(000LLLL由0692.1VL,得hkmolL/89.4206.在一精馏塔中分离苯(B),甲苯(T),二甲苯(X)和异丙苯(C)四元混合物。进料量200mol/h,进料组成zB=0.2,zT=0.1,zX=0.4(mol)。塔顶采用全凝器,饱和液体回流。相对挥发度数据为:BT=2.25,TT=1.0,XT=0.33,CT=0.21。规定异丙苯在釜液中的回收率为99.8%,甲苯在馏出液中的回收率为99.5%。求最少理论板数和全回流操作下的组分分配解:根据题意顶甲苯为轻关键组分,异丙苯为重关键组分,从相对挥发度的大小可以看出,二甲苯为中间组分,在作物料衡算时,初定它在馏出液和釜液中的分配比,并通过计算修正物料衡算如下组分进料馏出液id釜液iWB4040-T60600.995600.005X20218C20080D40002.0W998.080解得D=101.86W=98.14TDx=0.5861TWx=0.0031CDx=0.00157CWx=0.8135)()()(CTWCTDTCmxxxxN1lglg)(21.01lg0031.08135.00016.05861.0lg=7.35解得xd=1.05mol;xW=18.95mol组分进料idiWB4040—T60600.995600.005X201.0518.95C8091.100002.08009.99998.080组分dixwixB0.39640T0.59160.0030X0.01040.1912C0.001580.8057)()()(CTWTCDCTmxxxxN1lglg)(21.01lg0030.08051.00016.05916.0lg=7.37组分进料馏出液釜液数量Mol%数量mol%数量mol%苯40204039.643—甲苯603059.759.1670.33.02二甲苯20101.041.0318.9619.13异丙苯7.某原料气组成如下:组分CH4C2H6C3H8i-C4H10n-C4H10i-C5H12n-C5H12n-C6H14y0(摩尔分率)0.7650.0450.0350.0250.0450.0150.0250.045先拟用不挥发的烃类液体为吸收剂在板式塔吸收塔中进行吸收,平均吸收温度为38℃,压力为1.013Mpa,如果要求将i-C4H10回收90%。试求:①为完成此吸收任务所需的最小液气比。②操作液气比为组小液气比的1.1倍时,为完成此吸收任务所需理论板数。③各组分的吸收分率和离塔尾气的组成。④求塔底的吸收液量解:由题意知,i-C4H10为关键组分由P=1.013Mpa,t平=38℃查得K关=0.56(P-T-K图)①在最小液气比下N=∞,A关=中关=0.9关关)(AKVLmin=0.560.9=0.504②.min1.1)(VLVL=1.10.504=0.5544所以理论板数为48.9199.0log9.019.099.0log1log1log)()(AAN③它组分吸收率公式iiVKLA,111NiNiiAAA计算结果如下:组分进料量相平衡常数Ki被吸收量塔顶尾气数量组成CH476.517.40.0320.0322.44874.050.923C2H64.53.750.1480.1480.6683.8340.048C3H83.51.30.4260.4261.4912.0090.025i-C4H102.50.560.990.902.2500.2500.003n-C4H104.50.41.3860.994.4550.0450.0006i-C5H121.50.183.081.001.5000.00.0n-C5H122.50.1443.851.002.5000.00.0n-C6H144.50.0569.91.004.5000.00.0合计100.0———19.81080.190以CH4为例:iA=032.04.175544.0iVKLi=32.01032.099.0032.0148.9148.9V1(CH4)=(1-i)VN+1=(1-0.032)76.5=74.05④塔内气体平均流率:1