中国贫困与环境问题：改进环境政策实现双赢

[e-mail]1中国贫困与环境问题：改进环境政策实现双赢PovertyAlleviationandEnvironmentinChina:achievingwin-winsolutionbywisepolicies北京大学环境学院张世秋ZHANG,ShiqiuCollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,[e-mail]2ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversitycontents„OverviewofChina’sPovertyandEnvironmentIssues„LinkageofenvironandpovertyinChina„Findingsofthreecasestudies3ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversity环境与贫困关系linkageofpovertyandenvironmentAccesstoresources—potentialandcapacityfordevelopment,capitalavailability,opportunity,ability,defense,empowerment4ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityAboutpoverty:whatwelearned„Incomeisjustoneoftheindicator,notall.Multipledimensionofpoverty…Income,social,cultural,environmentandresources„Povertyisdynamicnotstatic…Absolutepovertyisjustoneoftheindicator,therelativepovertyshouldgivemoreconcern„EqualOpportunityismoreimportant„Publicservicesandpublicgoodisessential„Empowermentandrealparticipationisthecoreandbasis„Education,information,opportunity,securityofcriticalresources,securiedrightstoenv.resources5ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityExecutiveSummaryCHINA-MostImportantPrioritiesChineseEconomy[1978to2000]Grewatanannualrateof9.3%GDPgrowthabove7.0%for[atleast]next15-20years(2020-2025)•OPENINGoftheECONOMY-WTO•REDUCTIONSOCIAL&ECONOMICDISPARITIES•AcceleratedGrowthcausedSevereEnvironmental&SocialImbalances•AdjustmentsrequireComprehensiveEffortstocombineEconomic,Social&Environmental(incl.Energy)concerns.CHINA-MostImportantChallengesReconcilingeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalqualityresourcesbases(naturalcapital):howtonarrowtheincomegap,povertyalleviation,urbanization6ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityCurrentChina:separationofsocialstructure,emergingofinterestgroups,increasingofconflicts社会结构分化、利益集团形成、利益冲突加剧„China’seconomyenjoyhighgrowthrate…Unevendevelopmentsituationbyimplementinggivingtopprioritytodevelopcoalstalareas…以沿海地区优先发展为重点的非均衡发展形势…Thegapbetweeneastandwest…东部与中西部经济在发展中扩大差距…Increasedincomegaps…收入分配在增长中出现倾斜…Consumptiondifferencialamongincomegroups,ruralandurban…消费水平在提高中出现断层…Heavyindustrialstructure,constrainedthesustainabledevelopment…产业结构在优化中升级滞后等制约未来经济持续发展的结果…Advantagegroupisbeingmorepowerfultakeadvantageofmarketfailaureandgovernmentfailure;Povertyalleviationisstillabigchallenge…社会财富的分配日趋呈现出一种严重的失衡状态，贫困问题仍然是中国面临的最严重的社会问题之一“生存性环境权益”之间及其与“生产和发展性环境权益”之间以及不同权益主体的“生产和发展性环境权益”之间的冲突Conflictsbetweenthe“environmentalrightsforsurvival”andenvironmentalrightsforproductionanddevelopment;theconflictsamonginterestgroupsregardingtheenviron.Rightsforproductionanddevelopment7ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityChinaunevengeo-morphologicalconditionsandeconomicdevelopment(i)3%ofLandMass;(290,000Km2)(ii)20%ofpopulation;(260millionpeople)(iii)45%ofGDP;(US$650billion)(iv)70%ofallinternationaltrade&investments(US$560billion)&(US$420billion)Source:NDRC;[e-mail]8我国高速城市化的一个重要特点我国高速城市化的一个重要特点——cityclustercitycluster大、中、小城市通过交通网、资源网和社会经济紧密相连大、中、小城市通过交通网、资源网和社会经济紧密相连在东部经济发达地区已经形成三大重要城市群在东部经济发达地区已经形成三大重要城市群在中、西部地区也将出现各种规模的城市群在中、西部地区也将出现各种规模的城市群CityclustersNum.OfcitiesMega-cities京津唐(Beijing-Tianjin-BohaiBay)9Baeijing,Tianjin,Tangshan长三角(YangziRiverDelta)43Shanghai,Nanjing,Hangzhou珠三角(PearlRiverDelta)25Guangzhou,shenzhen9ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityGDPofeastern,centralandwesternChina52.5％,29.70％,17.80％in197859.00％,26.50％,14.50％in19950200004000060000800001000001200001998199920002001200220032004年度GDP（东部）（西部）（中部）10ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityPercapitaincomeoffarmersineast,centralandwest050010001500200025003000350040004500199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002元东部中部西部11ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityUnevendevelopmentbetweenruralandurbanduring1978～1985,theincomegapdecreased,since1986,itincreased,withtheratioof2.86,to2003,2004isaround3.2,whileothercountriesusuallylessthan1.60100020003000400050006000700080009000100001978198519901992199419961998200020022004元01234农村居民家庭人均纯收入城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入城乡人均收入比值Problemsrelatedtothepreferentialpolicies,forindustrydevelopment,urbandevelopment,coastaldevelopment,whichisthemainreasonoftheruralpoverty12ZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityZhangShiqiu:CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversityGinico-efficientfrom0.16oflate1970s,to0.46or0.5in2004rural:0.37,urban0.340.160.230.280.280.290.30.30.4150.4030.4580.450.