基础英语写作教案(二)

PartTwoTheSentenceⅠCompleteSentencesandSentencesFragmentsAgrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate(orfinite)verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredictiveorcomplement:e.g.Hecame.Hewrotealetter.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Attributesandadverbials,thoughtheyarenotessentialelementsofasentence,helptomakethemeaningclearorcomplete:e.g.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Hewrotealonglettertoherparents.Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Improved:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Improved:Iwasborninasmalltown.Inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool,andIstudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.Faulty:Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea.Improved:Theessayispoorlyorganized:thereisnocentralidea.Theessayispoorlyorganized;thereisnocentralidea.Ⅱ.Typesofsentences1.Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorysentencesAccordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredeclarative,interrogative,imperative,orexclamatory.Adeclarativesentence（陈述句）makesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentence（疑问句）asksaquestion.Animperativesentence（祈使句）expressesacommandorrequest.Anexclamatorysentence（感叹句）expressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.Forinstance:e.g.Sheisreadinganovel.Isthereanybodywhowantstotrythisgame?Goandgetyourdictionary!Whatanicecoat!2.Simple,Compound,Complex,andCompound-ComplexSentencesAccordingtotheirstructure,sentencesaresimple,compound,complex,orcompound-complex.Asimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeoradverbial.e.g.Theboycanstayintheroomonlyforafewminutes.Acompoundsentence（并列句）consistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses(orsimplesentences)relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbycoordinatingconjunctionsorbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.e.g.Tomcametotheparty,butSamdidnot.Acomplexsentence（复杂句）containsonemain(orprincipal)clauseandoneormoredependent(orsubordinate)clauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.e.g.Wecan’tseetheprogrambecausethetelevisionisbroken.Acompound-complexsentence（并列复杂句）containsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause—acombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence.e.g.Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecan’tseetheprogrambecausethetelevisionisbroken.Moreexamples:Whatyousaidisnottrue.Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.Ifthathatdoesnotfit,tryanother.Youalwayslooksonice,andIenvyyoubecauseIneverlookthatway.3.Loose,Periodic,andBalancedSentencesFromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloose,periodic,orbalanced.Aloosesentence（头重句）putsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;whileaperiodicsentence（尾重句）isreverse:themainideaexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Andwhenasentencecontainstwoparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisabalancedsentence（平衡句）.Forexample:ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.InPlato’opinionmanwasmadeforphilosophy;inBacon’sopinionphilosophywasmadeforman.(ThomasBabingtonMacaulay)Fortyistheoldageofyouth;fiftyistheyouthofoldage.(VictorHugo)Loosesentenceareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect;periodicsentencesaremorecomplex,emphatic,formal,orliterary.4.ShortandLongSentencesShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencesarecapableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision,becauseitmaycontainmanymodifiers.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesfortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.Lookatthefollowingpassagewhichmakesgooduseofshortsentences:Ourcityisonthethresholdofagreatera.Ofthiswecanbesure.Butinordertofulfillthepromiseofthefuture,wemustbewillingtowork—andtospend.Weneedalargepoliceforceforpublicprotection.Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.Weneedtoincreasethepayscaleofteachersinthepublicschools.Weneedtoimproveourwatersupply.Foralltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.WemustseethatthebondissueisapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Thefollowingone-sentenceparagraph:TalkinginlowexcitedvoiceswewouldwalkrapidlybacktowardtownundertherustleofSeptemberleaves,incoolstreetsjustgrayednowwiththatstill,thatunearthlyandmagicalfirstlightofdaywhichseemssuddenlytorediscoverthegreatearthoutofdarkness,sothattheearthemergeswithanawful,aglorioussculpturalstillness,andonelooksoutwithafeelingofjoyanddisbelief,asthefir