ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY-MAKING AND GOVERNANCE IN SERB

1ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY-MAKINGANDGOVERNANCEINSERBIAdrDragoljubTodicTableofContentsIntroductionA)PUBLICSECTOR:HORIZONTALANDVERTICALCOORDINATIONANDCOLLABORATION1)GovernmentApproachtoEnvironmentalProtectionIssues2)PrinciplesoftheEnvironmentalProtectioninSerbia3)TheNationalCentrefortheEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment4)Jointworkinggroups,otherinstitutionsandcommitteesB)THEROLEOFENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION1)TheNationalEnvironmentalInformationNetworkandothertools2)EnvironmentalMonitoringandSustainabilityIndicators3)PublicaccesstoenvironmentalinformationC)POLICYMAKINGPROCEDURES1)Legislativeprocedures2)Implementationoflegalrules3)ImplementationofmajorMultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements(MEAs)4)AdjustmenttoEU5)TheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyandSectoralPolicies6)NationalActionPlansD)STAKEHOLDERPARTICIPATION1)LocalIndustrialDevelopment2)Managementbodiesforprotectedareas3)Theroleoflocalauthorities4)VoluntaryinitiativesandarrangementsE)FINANCINGENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION1)ImplementationofThePolluterPaysprinciple2)PrivatesectorinvolvementConclusionINTRODUCTIONItcouldbesaidthatthenotion»environmentalpolicy–makingandgovernance«,2evenifwedefineitindifferentways,hasanexceptionallycomplexstructure1.Inanycaseitisaprocess.Themostprominentcharacteristicsofitarethreekeycomponents:ruleslinkedtosubjects(institutions)whichparticipateintheprocess,rulesoftheprocessitselfandconditionswhichinfluencetheexistenceand/or(non)complianceoftheruleslinkedtosubjectsandprocesses.Awiderangeofactors2participateintheprocesswhichincludedifferentformsofnegotiations,implementationandenforcement.Thisisthereasonwhyisitnecessarytotakeintoaccountmanydifferentfactorswhiletryingtounderstandthesituationinthisfield.MostimportantfactorswhichshouldbetakenintoaccountinamoredetailedanalysisstemfromthecharacteristicsofthetransitionalprocesseswhicharepresentinSerbia,aswellastheinheritanceandconsequencesofthealmostadecadelonginternationalisolationofSerbia(SRYugoslavia)thathappenedattheendoftwentiethcentury.Duetothat,theassessmentofthepresentstateandoffuturetendenciesshouldbeunderstoodinaconditionalwayandtakingintoaccountcertainspecificfeatures.Twogeneralquestionscouldbeofkeyimportance.FirstisthequestionoftheformaldevelopmentofrulesusedforregulationofenvironmentalpolicymakingandgovernanceinSerbiaincludingtheformalstateoftheinstitutionsrelevantforthisfield.Secondisthequestionoffunctioningoftheformallyestablishedsystemanddifferentcircumstancesthatcausethedifferencebetweentheformallyestablishedandtherealstateofthesystem.Thisisespeciallytrueifthecontemporarytendenciesrelatedtotheintegralapproachtotheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentaretakenintoaccount,asananswertothecontemporarychallengesofenvironmentalpolicyanddevelopment,whichhavebeenformalizedinanumberofinternationaldocumentsinthisfield.A)PUBLICSECTOR:HORIZONTALANDVERTICALCOORDINATIONANDCOLLABORATION1See:A.Weale,G.Pridham,M.Cini,D.Konstadakopulos,M.Porter,B.Flynn,EnvironmentalGovernanceinEurope«,OxfordUniversityPress,20032Besidesstatesandinternationalorganizationssomenon-stateactorshaveplayedacentralroleindevelopingandimplementationenvironmentallawandpolicy(scientificcommunity,environmentalanddevelopmentalorganizations,legalgroups,corporatesector,media)Sands,P.,Principlesofinternationalenvironmentallaw,CambridgeUniversityPress,2003.p.70-122.Steiner,A.,Martonakova,H.,Guziova,Z.,(ed)EnvironmentalGovernanceSourcebook,Bratislava,UNDP,2003.31)GovernmentApproachtoEnvironmentalProtectionIssuesTheapproachtoenvironmentalissuesoftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofSerbia3,couldbeviewedthroughdefinition,organizationandcompetenceofmostimportantorgansandotherrelevantsubjectsinthisfield.DifferentcriteriacouldbeusedwhentheapproachoftheGovernmentisassessed.Fromtheformalpointofviewthegreatestimportancecouldbeattachedtoseveralimportantlegalactsregulatingthisfield(Lawonministries,Lawonstateadministration,Lawonenvironmentalprotection,LawonTerritorialOrganizationandLocalSelf-Government,etc).AccordingtotheLawonMinistries(Off.Jour.ofRS,No.19/04,84/04)competenceinthefieldoftheenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenallotedtotheDirectoratefortheenvironmentalprotectionthatisapartoftheMinistryforscienceandenvironmentalprotection(Art.14),andcertainactivitiesrelevanttotheenvironmentalinformationsystemhavebeenallotedtotheEnvironmentalprotectionagency(EPA).BesidestheMinistryforscienceandenvironmentalprotection,severalotherministriesareveryimportantforthefieldofenvironmentalprotection.Theyare:MinistryforAgriculture,ForestryandWaterResources,MinistryforMiningandEnergy,MinistryforCapitalInvestments,MinistryforHealth,MinistryforTourism,TradeandServices,MinistryforForeignEconomicAffairs,MinistryforEducation,MinistryforCulture,MinistryforLabor,MinistryforInternalAffairs.Besidestheministries,severalotherpublicinstitutionshavecertaincompetencesinthefieldoftheenvironment.Theyare:Hydro-meteorologicalInstitute,InstituteforNatureProtection,InstituteforHealth,AgencyforSpatialPlanningandConstruction,AgencyforRecycling,etc.SubjectsoftheenvironmentalprotectionhavebeenenumeratedinAr