MLA格式

MLA2009FormattingandStyleGuideOverview•Thispresentationwillcover:–2009updatestoMLA–GeneralMLAguidelines–Firstpageformat–Sectionheadings–In-textcitations–Formattingquotations–WorksCitedpageWhatisMLA?MLA(ModernLanguageAssociation)styleformattingisoftenusedinvariousHumanitiesdisciplinesWhatdoesMLAregulate?MLAregulates:DocumentFormatIn-textcitationsWorksCited(alistofallsourcesusedinthepaper)MLAUpdate20092009changesinMLA:NomoreUnderlining(onlyuseitalics)PublicationMedium(e.g.Print,Web,etc.)NewAbbreviations(e.g.“N.p.”for“nopublishergiven”)YourInstructorKnowsBest#1Ruleforanyformattingstyle:AlwaysFollowyourinstructor’sguidelinesFormat:GeneralGuidelinesTypeonwhite8.5”x11”paperDouble-spaceeverythingUse12pt.TimesNewRomanfont(orsimilarfont)LeaveonlyonespaceafterpunctuationSetallmarginsto1inchonallsidesIndentthefirstlineofparagraphsonehalf-inchFormat:GeneralGuidelines(continued)HeaderwithpagenumbersintheupperrightcornerUseitalicsfortitlesEndnotesgoonaseparatepagebeforeyourWorksCitedpageFormattingthe1stPageNotitlepageDoublespaceeverythingIntheupperleftcornerofthe1stpage,listyourname,yourinstructor'sname,thecourse,anddateCenterthepapertitle(usestandardcapsbutnounderlining,italics,quote,orbold)Createaheaderintheupperrightcornerathalfinchfromthetopandoneinchfromtherightofthepage(includeyourlastnameandpagenumber)Sample1stPageFormattingSectionHeadingsHeadingsaregenerallyoptionalHeadingsinessaysshouldbenumberedHeadingsshouldbeconsistentingrammarandformattingbutareotherwiseuptoyouSampleSectionHeadingsNumbered(allflushleftwithnounderlining,bold,oritalics):1.SoilConservation1.1Erosion1.2Terracing2.WaterConservation3.EnergyConservationUnnumbered(bylevel):Level1Heading:bold,flushleftLevel2Heading:italics,flushleftLevel3Heading:centered,boldLevel4Heading:centered,italicsLevel5Heading:underlined,flushleftIn-TextCitations:theBasicsMLAusesparentheticalcitationsParentheticalcitationsdependonthemedium(e.g.Print,Web,DVD)Parentheticalcitationsalsodependonthesource’sentryontheWorksCitedpageSignalwordinthetextisthefirstthinginthecorrespondingentryontheWorksCitedpageAuthor-PageStyleIn-textExample:WordsworthstatedthatRomanticpoetrywasmarkedbyaspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(263).Romanticpoetryischaracterizedbythespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(Wordsworth263).Wordsworthextensivelyexploredtheroleofemotioninthecreativeprocess(263).CorrespondingWorksCitedEntry:Wordsworth,William.LyricalBallads.London:OxfordU.P.,1967.Print.PrintSourcewithAuthorIn-textExample:HumanbeingshavebeendescribedbyKennethBurkeassymbol-usinganimals(3).Humanbeingshavebeendescribedassymbol-usinganimals(Burke3).PrintSourcewithAuthorCorrespondingWorksCitedEntry:Burke,Kenneth.LanguageasSymbolicAction:EssaysonLife,Literature,andMethod.Berkeley:UofCaliforniaP,1966.Print.WithUnknownAuthorIn-textExample:WeseesomanyglobalwarminghotspotsinNorthAmericalikelybecausethisregionhas“morereadilyaccessibleclimaticdataandmorecomprehensiveprogramstomonitorandstudyenvironmentalchange...”(“ImpactofGlobalWarming”6).WithUnknownAuthorCorrespondingWorksCitedEntry:“TheImpactofGlobalWarminginNorthAmerica.”GLOBALWARMING:EarlySigns.1999.Web.23Mar.2009.OtherIn-TextCitations1Classic&LiteraryWorkswithMultipleEditionsIn-textExample:MarxandEngelsdescribedhumanhistoryasmarkedbyclassstruggles(79;ch.1).AuthorswithSameLastNamesIn-textExample:Althoughsomemedicalethicistsclaimthatcloningwillleadtodesignerchildren(R.Miller12),othersnotethattheadvantagesformedicalresearchoutweighthisconsideration(A.Miller46).OtherIn-TextCitations2WorkbyMultipleAuthorsIn-textExamples:Smith,Yang,andMoorearguethattougherguncontrolisnotneededintheUnitedStates(76).TheauthorsstateTighterguncontrolintheUnitedStateserodesSecondAmendmentrights(Smith,Yang,andMoore76).Jonesetal.counterSmith,Yang,andMoore'sargumentbynotingthecurrentspikeingunviolenceinAmericacompelslawmakerstoadjustgunlaws(4).OtherIn-TextCitations3MultipleWorksbytheSameAuthorIn-textExamples:Lightenorhasarguedthatcomputersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(TooSoon38),thoughhehasacknowledgedelsewherethatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopmentinachild'ssecondandthirdyear(Hand-EyeDevelopment17).Visualstudies,becauseitissuchanewdiscipline,maybetooeasy(Elkins,VisualStudies63).OtherIn-TextCitations4CitingMultivolumeWorksIn-textExample:...asQuintilianwroteinInstitutioOratoria(1:14-17).CitingtheBibleIn-textExample:Ezekielsawwhatseemedtobefourlivingcreatures,eachwithfacesofaman,alion,anox,andaneagle(NewJerusalemBible,Ezek.1.5-10).OtherIn-TextCitations5CitingIndirectSourcesIn-textExample:Ravitcharguesthathighschoolsarepressuredtoactassocialservicecenters,andtheydon'tdothatwell(qtd.inWeisman259).MultipleCitationsIn-textExample:...ashasbeendiscussedelsewhere(Burke3;Dewey21).OtherIn-TextCitations6MiscellaneousNon-PrintSourcesIn-textExample:WernerHerzog'sFitzcarraldostarsHerzog'slong-timefilmpartner,KlausKinski.DuringtheshootingofFitzcarraldo,HerzogandKinskiwereoftenatodds,buttheirexplosiverelationshipfosteredamemorableandinflu