第二讲│主旨大意题一、题型解读主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中常考的题型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及选择标题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题,能够拉开考生的分数差距,所以此类题目在高考试题中具有很好的选拔作用,属于能力型题目。主旨大意题一般分为三类:主旨大意题考点1精确归纳标题考点2概括文章大意考点3总结段落大意二、设问方式解答主旨大意题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。1.标题归纳类主旨大意题的主要设题形式·Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?·Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?·Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis________.·Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis________.·Whatwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?·Thesuitabletitleofthepassagemaybe________.2.文章大意类主旨大意题的主要设题形式·Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?·Thepassageismainlyabout________.·Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?·Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage?·Whatdoesthepassagemainlydealwith?3.段落大意类主旨大意题的主要设题形式·Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat________.·Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?·WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph3?·WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraph1?·WhatisthemainideadiscussedinParagraph2?三、选项特征1.主旨大意题正确选项的特征(1)涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段。(2)确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。(3)精确性强,能恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。2.主旨大意题干扰选项的特征(1)过于笼统,不知所云。所给选项内容归纳、概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容。(2)以偏概全,主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)移花接木,偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案。(4)无中生有,生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了,但经过仔细阅读分析之后,发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。精确归纳标题[典例](2016·江苏高考·阅读D)Notsolongago,mostpeopledidn’tknowwhoShelly-AnnFraser-Prycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherJamaicanteenagerwithoutmuchofafuture.However,onepersonwantedtochangethis.StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShelly-Annatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactlyimpressive,butevenso,hesensedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShelly-Annaplaceinhisverystricttrainingsessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaica’sOlympictrialsinearly2008,Shelly-Ann,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica’sunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).70.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMakingofaGreatAthleteB.TheDreamforChampionshipC.TheKeytoHighPerformanceD.ThePowerofFullResponsibility答案A[主旨大意题。首先,根据题干可以确定本题为标题归纳类主旨大意题。整篇文章介绍了牙买加短跑明星弗莱瑟-普利斯由一名不为人知的中学普通运动员成长为奥运会金牌得主的故事。成名后,弗莱瑟-普利斯并没有止步不前,而是计划为祖国做更多的事情。所以A项“一个伟大的运动员的造就”能覆盖全文,恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。]【技巧点拨】如何精确归纳标题?1.利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段,一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题,知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心,把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。2.利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句,要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句,并对主题句进行概括和提炼,从而确定文章的标题。3.做此类题时,要避免以下三种错误:(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体,从而缩小了范围);(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。概括文章大意[典例](2016·江苏高考·阅读B)Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive(认知的)skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.60.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren答案C[主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文。作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能,分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D项都属于文章的部分内容,并非心中思想。故C项正确。]【技巧点拨】如何概括文章大意?1.做概括文章大意题时,有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点,文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句,这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳,从而概括出文章大意。2.在选择答案时,根据自己总结的大意,就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。总结段落大意[典例]Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapp