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阐述expound(explain),state引入introduceinto相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan证明demonstrate,certify,attest证实confirmation补偿compensate,makeup,imburse组合式combinedtype相互作用interaction稳定性评价stabilityevaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer,stratum1地形地貌geographicandgeomorphic地形landform地貌geomorphology,relief地貌单元landformunit,geomorphicunit坡度grade地形图reliefmap河谷rivervalley河道rivercourse河床riverbed(channel)冲沟gully,gulley,erosiongully,stream(brook)河漫滩floodplain(valleyflat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvialplain三角洲delta古河道fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel冲积扇alluvialfan洪积扇diluvialfan分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform溶洞solutioncave,karstcave2地层岩性地层geostrome(stratum,strata)岩性lithologiccharacter,rockproperty岩层bedstratum岩层layer,rockstratum母岩matrix,parentrock相变facieschange硬质岩strongrock,film软质岩weakrock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock覆盖层overburden交错层理crossbedding层面beddingplane片理schistosity层理bedding波痕ripple-mark泥痕mudcrack雨痕raindropimprints造岩矿物rock-formingminerals粘土矿物claymineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene,picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineralcomposition产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmaticrock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade)rock喷出岩effusiverock深成岩plutonicrock浅成岩pypabysalrock酸性岩acidrock中性岩inter-mediaterock基性岩basicrock超基性岩ultrabasicrock岩基rockbase(batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩墙rockdike岩床rocksill岩脉veindyke花岗岩granite流纹岩rhyolite闪长岩diorite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt橄榄岩dunite火山角砾岩vulcanicbreccia火山集块岩volcanicagglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentaryrock碎屑岩clasticrock粘土岩clayrock粉砂质粘土岩siltyclaystone化学岩chemicalrock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartzsandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareoussiltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organicmatter粗粒coarsegrain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment(deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒claygrain砂质粘土sandyclay粘质砂土clayeysand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandyloam浮土、表土regolith(topsoil)软泥ooze淤泥mire,oozedmud,sludge,warpclay冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物（层）proluvium,diluvium,diluvion洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier(drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvialdeposits,colluvium残积粘土residualclay变质岩metamorphicrock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble3地质构造地质构造geologicstructure大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动verticalmovement水平运动horizontalmovement完整性perfection(integrity)产状要素elementsofattitude产状attitude,orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dipangle,angleofdip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘uppersection下盘bottomwall,footwall,lowerwall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normalfault逆断层reversedfault平移断层parallelfault层理bedding,stratification地堑graben地垒horst,faultridge断层泥gouge,pug,selvage,faultgouge擦痕stria,striation断裂fracture破碎带fracturezone节理joint节理组jointset裂隙fissure,crack微裂隙finefissure,microscopicfissure原生裂隙originaljoint次生裂隙epigeneticjoint张裂隙tensionjoint剪裂隙shearjoint卸荷裂隙reliefcrack碎裂结构cataclastictexture板状结构platystructure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy,massive层状的laminated巨厚层giantthick-laminated薄层状的finelylaminated软弱夹层weakintercalatedlayer夹层interbedding,intercalatedbed,interlayer,intermediatelayer夹泥层clayeyintercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affectingzone完整性integrityn.Integratev.&a.degreeofintegrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faultedbeddingplane断续的intermittent共轭节理conjugatedjoint透镜状的lens-shapeda.岩屑cuttings,debris薄膜membrane,film层理stratification高角度highdipangle缓倾角lowdipangle反倾anti-dip互层interbedv.Interbeddingn.粒径particlesize构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous致密close,compact构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩faultbreccia方解石脉calcitevein碎块岩clasticrock角砾breccia岩粉rockpowder岩屑debris,debry固结consolidation4水文地质条件hydrogeologicalconditions大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surfacerunoff地下径流subsurfacerunoff流域valley,drainagebasin流域面积drainagearea,riverbasinarea汇水面积catchmentarea地下水groundwater,subsurfacewater地表水surfacewater大气水atmosphericwater气态水aqueous(vapour)water液态水liquidwater固态水solidwater吸着水hygroscopic(adsorptive)water介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力porewaterpressure静水压力hydrostaticpressure外静水压力externalhydrostaticpressure动水压力hydrodynamicpressure渗透力seepagepressure外水压力externalwaterpressure内水压力internalwaterpressure水位waterlevel,stagelevel水头waterhead含水层aquifer透水层permeablelayer,perviouslayer不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge,imperviouslayer,impermeablelayer,aquiclude地下分水岭groundwaterridge孔隙水porewater裂隙水fissurewater岩溶水karsticwater结合水boundwater,combinedwater吸着水hydroscopicwater薄膜水pellicularwater毛细水capillarywater重力水gravitationalwater凝结水condensationwater地下水埋藏条件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence压水试验packerpermeabilitytest5工程勘察engineeringinvestigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigationalstage初步设计primarydesign初步规划preliminaryscheme初步勘探preliminaryprospecting初步踏勘groundreconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibilitystage初步设计阶段preliminarystage踏勘reconnaissance,inspection地质测绘geologicalsurvey工程地质测绘engineeringgeologicalmapping钻探bo