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一、TermDefinition:Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.Semantics:thestudyofmeaningPragmatics:thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Syntax:inlinguistics,whatalanguageexpressesabouttheworldweliveinoranypossibleorimaginaryworld.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudySynonym:wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Reference:whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Sense:concernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Dialect:avarietyofalanguage,spokeninonepartofacountry(regionaldialect),orbypeoplebelongingtoaparticularsocialclass(socialdialectorsociolect),whichisdifferentinsomewords,grammar,and/orpronunciationfromotherformsofthesamelanguage.Accent:aparticularwayofspeakingwhichtellsthelistenersomethingaboutthespeaker'sbackground.Conversationalmaxim:anunwrittenruleaboutconversationwhichpeopleknowandwhichinfluencestheformofconversationalexchanges.Context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Register:thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Locutionaryact:theactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaning.Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Hyponymy:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Speechcommunity:thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.Transcription:theuseofsymbolstoshowsoundsorsoundsequencesinwrittenform.Boundmorpheme:amorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneiscalledboundmorpheme.MinimalPair:whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Stress:thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.Compounding:awordformationprocessinwhichwordsareformedbyputtingtwoormorewordstogether.Affixation:istheprocessofformingwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.Allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.ComplementaryDistribution:Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Conversion:referstothederivationalprocesswherebyanitemcomestobelongtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofsuffix.DeepStructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfaceStructure:correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.Saussure:thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureinthe20century.Vowel:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.Consonant:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.Linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage.GeneralLinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole.InflectionalAffix:Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.DerivationalAffix:Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.OpenClass:inEnglish,nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbswhicharethecontentwordsofalanguage,whicharesometimescalledopenclasswords.ClosedClass:conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,whichareinsmallnumberandstablesincefewnewwordsareadded,thereforesuchwordshavebeenreferredtoasclosedclasswords.Sociolinguistics:thestudyofallthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch.SpeechVariety:referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Pidgin:aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Creole:whenapidginbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquittedbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeacreole.二、单项选择题：1、语音学中元音和辅音的发音特征和分类。元音分类:vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.辅音分类:Byplaceofarticulationandbymannerofarticulation2、音位学中的音素、音位、音位变体、音位对立、互补分布和最小对立体、音位规则、超音段特征：Phone:isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:aphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichc