gre Issue 素材讲稿

IV.Materials1.ReferenceBooksJohnJ.Macionis.Sociology.PearsonEducationIV.Materials1.ReferenceBooksDavidG.Myers.SocialPsychology.McGraw-HillSyllabus,p.84,T93Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefineourselves.-identification:culture/socialization-socialgroups-define/definitionIdentification:Culture•Culturev.sNature•VisibleCulture.InvisibleCulture•VisibleCulture:symbols,language,artsandtechnology•InvisibleCulture:valueandbelief,normsAmishSyllabus,p.84,T93Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefineourselves.-socialgroupsSocialGroups:AgentsofSocialization•Family•Religion•PeerGroup•Education•Economicsystems•LegalsystemsandPenalsystems•Psychiatrichospitals•MassmediaSyllabus,p.84,T93Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefineourselves.-definitionDefinition:TheKeyValueofU.S.Culture•Equalopportunity•Achievementandsuccess•Materialcomfort•Activityandwork•Practicalityandefficiency•Science•Democracyandfreeenterprise•Freedom•RacismandgroupsuperioritySyllabus,p.84,T230Themosteffectivewaytounderstandcontemporarycultureistoanalyzethetrendsofitsyouth.-contemporaryculture-trendofitsyouth?ContemporaryCulture•Gemeinschaft(community)v.s.Gesellschaft•Thecityisasettingwithalarge,dense,andsociallydiversepopulation.Thesetraitsresultinanimpersonal,superficial,andtransitorywayoflife.Livingamongmillionsothers,urbanitescomeintocontactwithothersnotintermsofwhotheyarebutwhattheydo.Selfinterestratherthanfriendshipisusuallythemainreasonforinteraction.Syllabus,p.84,T230Themosteffectivewaytounderstandcontemporarycultureistoanalyzethetrendsofitsyouth.-trendofitsyouth?NoPantsSubwayRideCharlieToddandhisImprovEverywherePranksters’BestBuyMissionPranksters’BestBuyMissionPranksters’BestBuyMissionSyllabus,p.90,T52Onecanbestunderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasocietybystudyingitsmajorcities.-characteristicofasociety-citySyllabus,p.90,T52Onecanbestunderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasocietybystudyingitsmajorcities.-characteristicofasociety?Sociologyp.678Syllabus,p.90,T52Onecanbestunderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasocietybystudyingitsmajorcities.-cityGhettoGraffitiorVandalism?ArtCrimes?RemKoolhaasSyllabus,p.90,T198Inorderforanyworkofart—whetherfilm,literature,sculpture,orasong—havemerit,itmustbeunderstandabletomostpeople.-art-merit-mostpeopleMosaicArtsyllabusp.88,T36Governmentshouldfocusonsolvingtheimmediateproblemsoftodayratherthanontryingtosolvetheanticipatedproblemsofthefuture.-immediateproblems-anticipateproblems-governmentLandfillLandfill•pollutegroundwater•EPA(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency)hasidentified30,000dumpsitesacrosstheUnitedStatescontaininghazardmaterials•Tiresanddiapersdonotdecomposebutremainasanunwelcomelegacyforfuturegeneration.•factoriesandtrashsitesalwayswiththepoorandpeopleofcolorsyllabusp.92,T101Atvarioustimesinthegeologicalpast,manyspecieshavebecomeextinctasaresultofnatural,ratherthanhuman,processes.Thus,thereisnojustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts,especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs,tosaveendangeredspecies.Biodiversity•variedsourceofhumanfood•geneticresourceforpharmaceuticalproduction•thebeautyandcomplexityoflife•theextinctionisirreversibleandfinalBaldEaglesyllabusp.91,T122Thewell-beingofsocietyisenhancedwhenmanyofitspeoplequestionauthority.AuthorityLegitimate,notCoercive•Traditionalauthority•Rational-legalauthority•Charismaticauthoritysyllabusp.85,T108Itisoftenassertedthatthepurposeofeducationistofreethemindandthespirit.Inreality,however,formaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritratherthansetthemfree.ThePositiveFunctionsofSchooling•Socialization•Culturalinnovation•Socialintegration•Socialplacement•Socialcapitalfromalumni•Childcareforone-parentandtwo-careerfamilies•Lowerjoblessrate•MarriageBureaucracyinEducation•Hugeeducationalfactories•Rigiduniformity•Numericalrating•Rigidexpectation•Specialization•Shuffling•RankingTheNegativeFunctionsofSchoolingsyllabusp.85,T14Collegestudentsshouldbasetheirchoiceofafieldofstudyontheavailabilityofjobsinthatfield.EducationMenWomenProfessionaldegree$100,000$75,036Doctorate82,40168,875Master’s71,53051,316Bachelor’s57,22041,6811-3yearsofcollege41,89530,8164yearsofhighschool35,75226,0299-11yearsofschool26,27719,1620-8yearsofschool21,65917,023