HUST经营决策与成本控制(7)

HUSTSeffective−efficient−7.1HUSTHUSTvs.?Why?→→IBMvs.IntelIntel80IntelIBM80IBMIBMHUST−−…BSCHUSTvs.−10000490003700090003500012000470001200060000,,,,HUSToperatingincomevarianceSHUSTSS(1)(2)(3)(4)7801000220U78.00639600100800000100160400U79.95350950554500005699050F77.99288650453500004461350U82.47160650251500001910650U107.10128000202000002572000U64.00S,HUSTS123HUSTSS(1)(2)(3)8010011080010001100(800)640000100.00800000100.00880000100(450)36000056.2545000056.2549500056.25(350)28000043.7535000043.7538500043.7515000023.4415000018.7515000017.0513000020.3120000025.0023500026.70HUST®SHUSTSS20021231(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)()()7800780220U100063960015600F524000176000U80000035095050F35100099000F45000028865015650F27300077000U35000016065010650U1500001500001280005000F12300077000U200000128000l230005000FHUST–S1)2)−−−20000-128000=+=77000U-5000F=72000U3)?flexiblebudgetvariancesalesvolumeactivityvarianceHUSTHUST()()−−−HUSTHUSTvs.HUST7.2HUST7.2Whatisstandardcost?(standardcost)−Standardcostistheexpectedcostthatisreasonablyrequiredtoachieveagivenobjectiveunderspecifiedcondition−TraditionalMACSHUSTWhyAreStandardCostsUsed?Standardcostsprovidebenchmarksforgaugingperformance,however,historicalcostsdonotprovideanybuilt-incontrolsorbenchmarksastowhatcostsshouldbe,whichonlystatewhatcostsactuallywere;−Standardcostvariancesareattention-getters,whichalterseniormanagersthatmaybesomethingisamiss;Inadditiontotheirroleincontrol,standardcostsarealsousefulinmakingdecisionsonproductpricing,makeversusbuy,andplantresourceallocation.HUSTWhyAreStandardCostsUsed?50003(15)15000225000(1515000)153HUSTHowdoesstandardcostsystemwork?Step1:SetandrevisestandardsStep2:Analyzestandardcostvariances−Variancescalculation−VariancesanalysisStep3:DisposethevariancesHUST7.2.1Step1:Setting&RevisingStandardsSelectionofstandards−thetheoreticalstandard(theidealstandard)−thepastperformancestandard−thecurrentlyattainablestandardreasonableattainablegoodperformancestandardidealstandard8444500?−…,HUSTHUST−−……Why?HUST………HUSTcurrentlyattainablestandard8444:52525HUST…HUSTWhatistherightstandard?−HUST−−−…HUST–−−−−…−HUST−−HUST−−BathIronThyssen·L.L.Bean12HUST19791—“10”HUSTvs.vs.………−…–…HUST−−HUSTauthoritativestandardParticipativestandardvs.−Ingeneral,thetraditionalcostmanagementsystemisbottom-uptechnique;thestandardcostingisatop-downapproachconductedduringnewproductplanning.−StandardcostsarepartoftheinternalrepetitivecontractingprocesswithinthefirmHUSTAstandardcostistheproductofastandardquantityandpricei.e.,Standardcost=StandardquantityStandardpriceStandardquantity:definedbythetechnicalcharacteristicsofproductionStandardprice:forecastatthebeginningoftheyearandthekeyplanningassumptionsinthefirm’sbudgetingprocessHUSTStandardCostsinManufacturingStandardCostofDirectMaterials(usedtomakeafinishedunit)=StandardusageStandardpriceStep1:Step2:Step3:aHUSTStandardCostsinManufacturingStandardCostofDirectLabor(usedtomakeafinishedunit)=StandardtimeStandardwageraterelevantfactor:learningcurveStep1:Step2:learningcurveHUSTStandardCostsinManufacturingstandardcostsheetMerrill-ContinentalMerrill-ContinentalABC4848480.0600.0800.060100801001216465.05.0lO.02.03.05.OS.F.0.050.050.1010.4111011.6020.41001HUST21.581S.F0.061002S.F0.0800110.601002O.8000112.0010124.0001010.001.001.001.006.003.002.OO3.OO12.000.500.500.508.000.300.300.30()0.500.500.50S.F.Each50050050HUSTStandardCostsinManufacturingFlexibleManufacturingOverheadBudget=StandardtimeunderdenominatorcapacityOverheadrateOverheadrate=thebudgetoverhead÷budgetvolume(ordenominatorvolume:expected/normalvolume)themaximumcapacity(idealortheoretical)thenormalcapacity:theaveragepracticalcapacityfor3-5yearsthepracticalcapacity:75%−85%themaximumHUSTWhatareeffectsoftheDenominatorSelectiononFactoryOverhead?SelectionofdenominatorasthemaximumcapacityLoweroverheadrateandper-unitcost...LongeridletimeSelectionofdenominatorastheexpectcapacityOverheadratefluctuatingwithforecastsalesvolume...–Whatwillhappenunderprosperousordepressioneconomy?HUSTSelectionofdenominatorasthenormalcapacityOverheadrateisstableforeachyearOverheaddistributedisoutoflinewiththeamountincurredeachyearSelectionofdenominatorasthepracticalcapacityIgnoringtheidletimeforlesssalesHUST7.2.2Step2:Analyzestandardcostvariances−Variancescalculation−VariancesAnalysisHUSTSuppose:Qa-actualquantity,Pa-actualprice,Qs-standardquantity,Ps-standardprice,then,CostVariances=ActualCost-StandardCost=Qa×Pa-Qs×Ps=Qa·(Pa-Ps)+Ps·(Qa-Qs)=PriceVariance+QuantityVarianceHUSTCostVariances=Qa·(Pa-Ps)+Ps·(Qa-Qs)=PriceVariance+QuantityVarianceActualpriceStandardpricePriceQuantityStandardquantityActualquantityHUST()HUSTDiscussiononDirectMaterialsVariancesTherawmaterialsquantityvariancemeasurestheinefficientorefficientuseofrawmaterials.−Assumption:allpurchasesareusedimmediatelyforproduction,suchasinajust-in-timeproductionsystemorincustommanufacturing.Whatwillthematerialsvariancesbeifinventoryismorethanzero?CalculationofDirectLaborVariancesWageRateVariance=ActualLaborHours×(ActualWageRate-StandardWageRate)Labortimevariance=StandardWageRate×(ActualHours-