中国电动汽车充电站商业模式与配套政策

BusinessModelsandPublicPoliciesforEVChargingStationsinChina内容提要电动汽车作为新能源开发的突出代表,已经成为取代传统动力汽车、引领汽车行业新时代的重要发展方向。当下,世界汽车行业正积极投身于电动汽车的开发和推广过程中,各国政府和企业在电动汽车领域投入了大量人力、物力和财力。我国在“三纵三横”研发布局的政策引导下，电动汽车事业发展也十分迅速。电池和充电技术是电动汽车开发的瓶颈，其商业开发及其运营方式在某种意义上决定了电动汽车的推广程度和商业化的空间，因此，长策智库选择了以充电站为题分析和探讨未来充电站可能的商业模式和目前我国在发展充电站过程中的问题。课题首先分析充电站可行的技术选择，研究在现有条件下和未来充电站的技术选择，认为充电站面临动力蓄电池、电网建设和政策规划相关的技术难题，其中动力蓄电池方面的技术难题最为突出；未来预计的主要技术难题在于动力蓄电池的充电时间。针对上述的技术难题，眼下充电站可行的技术选择确定为“慢速充电+快速更换”两种方式相结合。为了评估电动汽车充电站对消费者和运营商的实际效益影响，本文分别探讨了充电站和充电桩的市场开发价值，并在此基础上研究了合理的充电站商业模式。从消费者的角度来看，充电价格要显著低于为汽车加油或加气的价格；从运营商的角度来看，无论在何种充电方式下，充电站均可以在适当年限实现收益。充电站可行的商业模式主要包括电池租赁、直接充电和慢速充电三种方式。目前，国外充电站的商业模式体现在综合服务和专业服务两方面。综合服务主要包括充电站与通信系统相连、充电站网络系统建设等内容。专业服务主要涵盖直接充电和快速更换两种模式。国内充电站的运作成功案例为北京奥运充电站和上海世博会充电站，通过分析此两处充电站的经营方式可为今后充电站发展提供借鉴。基于对充电站技术选择、投资收益和商业模式的分析，我们为政府扶持充电站建设运营提出了几点建议：一是完善充电站牌照管理，明确发放对象、准入机制及标准规范等内容；二是出台合理的充电站补贴政策，对直接充电和电池租赁业务采取不同的补贴方式，保障充电站的正常运营；三是确定充电站的发展模式，针对当前汽车企业只顾不断获取国家高额补贴而迟迟不愿推广电动汽车的现象，国家应通过政策引导鼓励汽车制造商逐渐实现向电池运营商的转变，顺应市场趋势，转变角色，走出尴尬，推进电动汽车发展。BusinessModelsandPublicPoliciesforEVChargingStationsinChinaSinoSightThinktankofChangCeThinktank(EV),aprominentrepresentativedomainintheexploitationofnewenergyresources,setsanimportantdirectionforautomotiveindustrydevelopmentinthenewerawiththephasingoutofconventionalvehicles.Today,globalautomotiveindustryhasactivelydevotedbigeffortstoelectricvehicleR&Dandpromotion.Governmentsandenterprisesinmanycountrieshavealsoassignedsubstantialresources,suchasexpertsandfundstothisdomain.InChina,intheguidanceof“thethreeverticalandthreehorizontalstrategyinelectricvehicleR&D”,electricvehiclewitnessesconsiderablegrowth.Storagebatteryandchargingtechnologyarebottlenecksinelectricvehicledevelopment,andbusinessdevelopmentandoperationmodesofwhichdetermine,insomesense,promotionandcommercializationofelectricvehicles.Thus,ChangCeThinkTankorSinosightThinkTank,underthetopicofchargingstations,analyzesanddiscussespossiblebusinessmodelsofchargingstationsinthefutureandproblemsemerginginchargingstationdevelopmentinChina.Theresearchfirstidentifiesaselectionoffeasibletechnologiesforchargingstationsinscenariosofbothcurrentandfutureconditions.ChangCebelievesthatdevelopmentofchargingstationsisencounteredbytechnicaldifficultiesrelatedtostoragebattery,powergridconstructionandpolicyplanning,andamongwhichdifficultiesregardingstoragebatteryarethegreatest.ChangCeestimatesthat,inthefuture,majordifficultyisthechargingtimeofstoragebattery.Toaddresstheabovetechnicaldifficulties,aviabletechnicaloptionisdefinedasacombinationofslowchargingandfrequentchange.Inordertoassessactualimpactsofelectricvehiclechargingstationsonconsumersandoperatingagenciesintermsofbenefits,thisreportdiscussesrespectivelythemarketvalueofchargingstationdevelopmentandchargingpiledevelopment.Basedonthisdiscussion,thereportanalyzesappropriatebusinessmodelsofchargingstation.Intermsofconsumers,pricechargedonchargingisobviouslylowerthanthepricechangedonfuelingorgassing.Asfortheoperatingagencies,chargingstationscanrealizeprofitsincertainyearswhateverchargingmethodsareadopted.Feasiblebusinessmodelsofchargingstationsincludebatteryleasing,directchargingandslowcharging.Currently,businessmodelsofchargingstationsabroadarerepresentedbygeneralserviceandprofessionalservice.Generalservicemainlyincludesconnectionofchargingstationsandinformationsystems,constructionofchargingstationnetworksandetc.Professionalservicecoversdirectchargingandfrequentchange.SuccessfulcasesofchargingstationoperationareBeijingOlympicchargingstationandShanghaiWorldExpochargingstation.Throughtheanalysisintothesetwocases,theresearchgeneralizesexperiencethatcanbedrawnonforfuturedevelopment.Basedontheanalysisintoaselectionofchargingstationtechnologies,investmentyieldsandbusinessmodels,Changcecomesupwithfollowingrecommendationsforgovernmenttosupportdevelopmentandoperationofchargingstations.1)Tightensupervisioninlicenseissuancetochargingstations.Defineexplicitlytheprospectsqualifiedforlicenses,entrancemechanisms,normsandstandards.2)Enactappropriatesubsidypolicyforchargingstations.Performdifferentmethodsinsubsidizingdirectchargingandbatteryleasingtoensurenormaloperationofchargingstations.3)Definethedevelopmentmodelsofchargingstations.Infacewiththephenomenonthatsomeautomotiveenterprisesaremerelyconcernedaboutcontinuouslyreceivinghugenationalsubsidieswhiledelayelectricvehiclepromotion,thegovernmentshouldadoptpoliciestoguideandencourageautomotivemanufacturersintotransformingtobatteryoperator,complyingthemarkettrend,alleviatingtheplightandpromoteelectricvehicledevelopment.Formoreinformation,[e-mail].目录第一部分引言..........................................................................................................1电动汽车发展趋势............................................................................................1电动汽车技术路线............................................................................................1电动汽车充电站建设........................................