3、 approaches and methods in English language teac

有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMChapter3ApproachesandMethodsinEnglishLanguageTeaching有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•1)TheWesternContext•2)TheChineseContext有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•⑴Beforethe16thcentury•⑵Afterthe16thcentury•⑶Fromthe17thcenturytothe19thcentury•⑷Bythe19thcentury•⑸Towardmid-19thcentury•⑹Towardthelate19thcentury•(7)Teachingmethodsinthe20thcenturyTheWesternContext有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM拉丁语有较长时间的历史，并与古典文化密切相关，所以有很高的威望和许多实际用途，被认为是当时文人所应该学习的。在欧洲大部分国家，拉丁语用于教育和政府管理；在国际上，拉丁语用于宗教，政治和商业。•⑴Before16thcentury:有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•⑴Before16thcentury:•Latinwastheonlyfocusofstudyinglanguage.•Itwasthedominantlanguageofeducation,commerce,religion,andgovernmentinthewesternworld.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•(2)Afterthe16thcentury:•拉丁语在各国国内很少使用，代之以各民族的语言。不过，其是文学语言和哲学语言，所以文人继续学习拉丁语。现在，情况不同了：其实际用途几乎全部消失，在大多数情况下，只有阅读能力被认为是必要的。有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•⑶Fromthe17thcenturytothe19thcentury:•ThelearningofLatinexertedgreatimpactupontheearlyteachinginwesternworld.•ThestudyofclassicalLatinandtheanalysisofitsgrammarandrhetoricbecamethemodelforforeignlanguagestudy.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•⑶Fromthe17thcenturytothe19thcentury:•Textbook--Abstractgrammarrules•--Listsofvocabulary•--SentencesfortranslationThepenofmyauntisinthegarden.Greencloudissleepingsoundly.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•⑷Bythe19thcenturyGradually,theapproachbasedonthestudyofLatinhadbecamethestandardwayofstudyingforeignlanguagesinschools.ItbecameknownastheGrammar-TranslationMethod(GTMethod).有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•Theprincipalcharacteristics•1)Thegoalofforeignlanguagestudy•2)Themajorfocusinteaching•3)Vocabularyteaching•4)Sentenceteaching•5)Grammarteaching•6)Accuracy•7)Theroleofnativelanguage•8)teachers’role•9)students’role有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•1)Thegoalofforeignlanguagestudy•Thegoaloflanguagestudyistoreaditsliteratureortobenefitfromthementaldisciplineandintellectualdevelopment.Itinvolvesthestudiesofthegrammaticalrulesandthetasksoftranslatingsentences.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•2)Themajorfocusinteaching•Readingandwritingarethemajorfocusandlittleattentionispaidtospeakingandlistening•3Vocabularyteaching•Vocabulariesareselectedontherequirementofthetextanditemsarepresentedwiththeirtranslationequivalencesandcorrespondingtranslationexercises.Mostofthemaretaughtinisolatedforms.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•4)Sentenceteaching•Sentenceisthebasicunitofteachingandpractice.Muchofthelessonisdevotedtotranslatingsentencesintoandoutofthetargetlanguage.Thesesentencesareusuallyoldandobsolete.•4)Sentenceteaching•Sentenceisthebasicunitofteachingandpractice.Muchofthelessonisdevotedtotranslatingsentencesintoandoutofthetargetlanguage.Thesesentencesareusuallyoldandobsolete.•5)Accuracy•Accuracyisemphasized.Studentsareexpectedtoattainhighstandardsintranslation.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•6)Grammarteaching•Grammaristaughtdeductively.Thatis,grammarispresentedwithrulesandpracticedwithtranslationexercises.Theexplanationsarelongelaborateandintricatewiththefocusontheformandinflectionofwords.•7)Theroleofnativelanguage:•Classesaretaughtinthemothertongue.Thestudents’nativelanguageservesasthemediumofinstruction.有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•8)teachers’role•Teachersaredominantauthoritiesandcontrollersintheclassroom.Theydeterminetheteachingobjectivesandtheprocess.•9)students’role•Studentsarepassiverecipients.ThereislittleinteractionbetweenSs&T有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•Sincethetextbooksaretaughtthroughthemediumofmothertongue,communicationbetweenteachersandlearnerscausesfewlinguisticproblems.••Itexcessivelyreliesonlearners’mothertongueandtranslation,andlearnersfindithardtogiveupthehabitoffirstthinkingintheirmothertongueandthentranslatetheirideasintothesecond/foreignlanguage.strengthweakness有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•Asaresultofemphasisonwrittenlanguageteaching,learner’sreadinglevelsandabilitiesinsolvingproblemsareenhanced.••Itoveremphasizesonwrittenlanguage.Listeningandspeakingareneglected.Asaresult,studentscannotexpressthemselvesaccuratelyinspokenEnglish,whichinturnrestrictthedevelopmentoflearners’abilityinreadingandwriting.strengthweakness有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethodTeacher’slaborissaved.Itmakesfewdemandsonteachers.Eventeacherswhodonotpossessstrongteachingskillsorforeign-languagespeakingskillscanteachEnglishthroughthismethod.•Learnersmayfailtoacquireproficiencyinthesecond/foreignlanguageapproximatingthatinthefirstlanguagethroughtranslationstrengthweakness有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•Thismethodisstillwidelypracticed,•ithasnoadvocates.•没有人提倡，但相当流行有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COMGrammar-TranslationMethod•语法翻译法是“外语教学中历史最长与使用最广泛的方法之一”（左焕琪，2002）；•“仍然方兴未艾，大量使用而且相当成功”（朱纯，1994：64）•语法翻译法“创建了在外语教学中利用母语的理论，成为外语教学史上最早的一个教学法体系。它的出现为建立外语教学法作为一门独立的科学体系奠定了基础”（鲁宗干，2001）。•以培养阅读能力为首要活唯一教学目的的情况下，语法翻译法这种方法是最佳方法。•在教学设备较差、班级规模较大、教师工作量较大或积极性较差的条件下，语法翻译法受到青睐有教学问题-上教育技术论坛ETTHINK.COM•⑸Towardmid-19thcenturyGTMethodinteachingandlea