国际贸易全套课件

InternationalTrade2020年6月24日1时14分主要参考书1、国际贸易海闻上海人民出版社2、国际经济学保罗克鲁格曼中国人民大学（国际贸易部分）3、年6月24日1时14分Chapter1Introduction1.1BriefHistoryofInternationalTrade1.2InternationalTradeFundamentals1.3IntroductiontoInternationalTradeTheories2020年6月24日1时14分1.1BriefHistoryofInternationalTrade1.”International”+”Trade”2.BriefHistory3.Newdevelopmentininternationaltrade4.Internationaltradeandeconomygrowth2020年6月24日1时14分1.2InternationalTradeFundamentalsValueoftrade贸易额（贸易值）Vsquantumoftrade(贸易量)RatioofDependenceOnForeignTrade(贸易依存度)2020年6月24日1时14分我国外贸依存度变化年份19751980198219972000依存度5.4%15.3%8.2%40%43.9%2020年6月24日1时14分balanceoftrade(BT)贸易差额Definition：BT=∑ex－∑imafavorablebalanceoftrade,excessofexport贸易顺差anunfavorablebalanceoftrade,excessofimport,deficit,overimport贸易逆差Ishugetradesurplusgoodorbadforacountry?2020年6月24日1时14分compositionoftrade贸易商品结构tradebyregion贸易地理结构visible/Tangibletradeinvisible/IntangibletradeGeneraltrade，总贸易Specialtrade,专门贸易TermsofTrade(TOT)贸易条件=Px/Pm*1002020年6月24日1时14分1.3IntroductiontoInternationalTradeTheories1.FreeTradeVs.TradeProtectionism2.BriefIntroductiontoTradeTheories2020年6月24日1时14分TRADETHEORIESEarlyTradeTheoriesTheClassicalTheoryofTrade1.AbsoluteAdvantageandtheSmithModel2.ComparativeAdvantageandtheRicardianModelNeoclassicalTradeTheory3.FactorEndowmentandtheBasicHeckscher-OhlinModel4.ExtensionsandImplicationsoftheH-OModel5.SpecificFactorModelModernTradeTheories6.ImperfectCompetitionandEconomiesofScale7.ProductCycle8.Demand-sideTheories9.NewDevelopmentinInternationalEconomics2020年6月24日1时14分THEORETICALISSUES:Whydocountriestrade?GainfromtradeWhatarethebasesfortrade?PricedifferencesSupplyside(cost):TechnologyFactorendowmentProductionscaleDemandside:IncomePreferenceWhataretheimpactsoftrade?Onprice,production,consumption,andwelfareWhatarethechangesintradepattern?Explainingthedynamicchangesintradepattern2020年6月24日1时14分MercantilismTimeperiod:1500-1750Mainideas:Nation’sWealth=Country’sholdingsofpreciousmetalsExportisagain(gainpreciousmetals);importisaloss(losepreciousmetals)Tradeisa“Zero-sumGame”:onecountrygainisalossofanothercountryPolicies:Buildupthepowerofanation-state:strongarmy,strongnavy,andmerchantmarineMaintainapositivetradebalance:exportimportPromoteexportandrestrictimport2020年6月24日1时14分DavisHume:thePrice-Specie-FlowMechanismGivensufficienttime,anautomatictradebalanceadjustmentwouldtakeplacebetweenatradesurpluscountryandatradedeficitcountrybymeansofthefollowingsteps:2020年6月24日1时14分ExportsImportsExportsImportsStep1NetinflowofspecieNetoutflowofspecieStep2IncreaseinthemoneysupplyDecreaseinthemoneysupplyStep3IncreaseinpricesandwagesDecreaseinpricesandwagesStep4IncreaseinimportsanddecreaseinexportsDecreaseinimportsandincreaseinexportsUNTILExports=ImportsUNTILExports=Imports2020年6月24日1时14分THESMITHMODELBasicAssumptionsOneinput:Labor(L)Twooutputs:e.g.Wheat(QW)andCloth(QC)TwoCountries:e.g.USandChinaDifferenttechnologiesdifferentproductivityoflaborFullEmployment,PerfectCompetition,andConstantreturntoScale2020年6月24日1时14分BasisforTradeDifferenceinTechnologyProductivityProductioncostCommoditypriceMeasurementsofabsoluteadvantage:i.Productivity:QLIfUSChinaLQLQ11,then,Chinahasanabsoluteadvantageinproduct1ii.Productioncost(measuredbyinput):aLQ=LQ(laborrequiredineachunitofoutput)iii.Commodityprice:P*Q=W*L2020年6月24日1时14分AnumericalexampleChinaU.SLabor(L)100100Cloth(Qc)10080Wheat(Qw)501002020年6月24日1时14分MeasurementsofAbsoluteAdvantageInTermsofProductivity:(Q/L)ClothWheatChina1.00.5U.S.0.81.0InTermsofProductionCost:(L/Q)ClothWheatChina1.02.0U.S1.251.0Inthiscase,ChinahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingclothandtheUShasanabsoluteadvantageingrowingwheat.2020年6月24日1时14分GainsfromTradeClothWheatChina5025U.S.4050InAutarky(Assumption)FreeTrade(Assumption)ClothWheatChina100(50+)0U.S.0100(50+)5050+25+102020年6月24日1时14分PatternofProduction&Trade-------eachcountryshouldspecializeinandexporttheProductinwhichithasanabsoluteadvantageInthiscase,ChinashouldbespecializedinproductionofclothandUSshouldproducewheat.Chinashouldexportclothandimportwheat.USshouldimportclothandexportwheat2020年6月24日1时14分LimitationCHINAU.SCloth(Qc)100150Wheat(Qw)50100Inthiscase,theUShastheabsoluteadvantageinbothgoods(itisverycommonforadevelopedcountrytohaveabsoluteadvantagesinmostsectors).AccordingtotheSmiththeory,therewillbenotrade.？2020年6月24日1时14分ComparativeAdvantage2020年6月24日1时14分THERICARDIANMODELBasicAssumptionsThesameastheSmithModelBasisforTradeDifferencesinTechnologies(inrelativeterm)RelativeproductivityRelativeproductioncostRelativecommodityprice2020年6月24日1时14分MeasurementsofComparativeAdvantage:i.RelativelaborproductivityofProduct1:QQQQLL2121IfUSChinaQQQQ2121,thenChinahasacomparativeadvantageinproductionofProduct1.ii.Relativeinput-requirement(physicalcost)ofProduct1:QQLLaaQLQL122121whereaLjistheinputrequirementineachunitofoutputofProductjiii.OpportunitycostofProduct1:2121QQQQiv.RelativepriceofProduct1:112221PQPQQQWL