剑桥英语教学能力认证考试教程-TKT-Course-Unit16

Unit16PracticeactivitiesandtasksforlanguageandskillsdevelopmentWhatarepracticeactivitiesandtasksforlanguageandskillsdevelopment?Theseareactivitiesandtasksdesignedtogivelearnersopportunitiestopracticeandextendtheiruseoflanguage,suchasnewvocabulary,functionalexponentsorgrammaticalstructures,orofthesubskillsofreading,listening,speakingorwriting.Therearemanydifferentkindsofactivitiesandtaskswithdifferentnamesanddifferentuses.KeyconceptsHerearetwowritingactivities.Canyoufindthreeteachingdifferencesbetweenthem?Activity1Completethesesentencesaboutyourselfwithcanorcan’t.1.I………swim.2.I………speakMandarin.3.I………playtheguitar.4.I………useacomputer.5.I………runveryfast.Activity2Writeaninvitationinvitingyourfriendstoyourbirthdayparty.Invitethem.Tellthem:thedatethetimetheaddressoftheparty.Wecanseethatboththeseactivitiesgivelearnersanopportunitytouselanguage,butindifferentways.Activity1Activity2isacontrolled/restrictedpracticeactivitybecauselearnerscanonlyusecertainitemsoflanguagefocusesonaccurateuseoflanguageisagap-fillexercise.isalesscontrolled/freerpracticeactivitybecausethelanguagethelearnerswilluseisnotcarefullylimitedorcontrolledfocusesoncommunicatingamessageisatask.Thesamekindsofdifferencescanalsobeseeninotheractivitiesforspeaking,writingandlearningnewlanguage.Drills(guidedrepetitions),copyingwordsorsentences,jazzchants,dictationandreadingaloudareotherexamplesofcontrolledpracticeactivities.Infreeractivitiestheteacherorthematerialsdonotlimitthelanguagethatlearnersuse.Examplesoftheseare:discussions;solvingproblemsthroughexchangingideas;sharingorcomparingideas,informationorexperiences;writingemails,stories,letters,invitationsorcompositions.Herearesixmoreactivities.Whatskill/subskill/languagedotheyfocuson?Whatisthenameofthetypeofactivity?1.Readthestory.Thenanswerthesequestion:aHowoldisgirl?bWheredoesshelive?cWhatisherfriend’sname?2.AListentothetapeandchoosethebestanswer:Thechildren’sschoolis:aneartheirhousebneartheshopscoppositethepostofficeBNowlistenagain.Arethesesentencestrueorfalse?aTheschoolisnew.bTheclassroomisbig.cThelibraryhasmaybooks.3.Lookatthesepicturesandthenreadthestory.Putthepicturesinthecorrectorder.Writethecorrectnumber(1-6)undereachpicture.4.Listentothetape,andinpairsfillinthisform:Girl’sname:………………….Girl’saddress:………………..Nameofgirl’sfriend:………..5.Workinpairs.Eachofyoushoulduseoneoftheserolecards.AYourfriendhasaproblem.Givehim/herthebestadviceyoucan.BYouhaveaproblem.Youwanttogotouniversity,butyoufindstudyingverydifficult.Askyourfriendforadvice.6.Getintogroupsoffour.Findoutwhichfoodyourfriendslikeanddislikemost.Ask:Whichfooddoyoulikemost?Whichfooddoyoudislikemost?Herearetheanswerstothequestionabove:ActivitySkill/subskill/languageTypeofactivity1ReadingforspecificinformationWh-question(questionsbeginningwithquestionwords:e.g.which/what/how/when/why)forcomprehension2ListeningforspecificAMultiple-choicequestion(anactivityinwhichinformationyouchoosethebestanswerfromthreeormorepossibleanswers)BTrue/Falsequestions(anactivityinwhichyoudecidewhetherstatementsarecorrectorincorrect)3ReadingfordetailOrdering4ListeningforspecificFormfilling5Fluencyinspeaking/freerpracticeofnewlanguageRole-play(anactivityinwhichyouimaginethatyouaresomeoneelseinaspecificsituation)6Accuracyinspeaking/controlledpracticeofnewlanguageSurvey(findingouttheopinionsofagroupononetopic)Wecanseethatactivitiescandifferinseveralways:theskillorsubskilltheyfocuson;whattypetheyareandwhatinteractionpatternstheyuse.Thekindsofskillsorlanguagetheyfocusonandtheinteractionpatternstheyusearenotfixed.So,forexample,multiple-choicequestionscouldbeusedforreading,listeningorgrammaractivitiesandcanbedoneindividually,inpairsoringroups.Similarly,form-fillingcouldbeusedforreading,listeningorgrammarpractice,anddoneindividually,inpairsoringroups.Activities5and6bothinvolvelearnerstalkingtooneanothertoexchangeinformationtheydon’tknow.Thismeanstheyaretalkingordertocommunicate,notjusttopracticelanguage.Thiskindofactivityinwhichlearnersexchangeinformationthatonlyoneofthemhasiscalledaninformationgaporacommunicativeactivity.Anactivitymayfocusonaccuracyorcommunicationdependingonhowitisintroducedbytheteacherorthematerials.Forexample,thesurveyaboveisfocusedonaccuracybecauseitlimitsthelanguagethatlearnersusetoaskandanswertwospecificquestions.Iftheinstructionsfortheactivitywere‘Findoutaboutyourfriends’likesanddislikesinfood’,thiswouldnotrestrictlearners’choiceoflanguageandtheactivitywouldfocusoncommunication.KeyconceptsandthelanguageteachingclassroomWhenselectingactivitiesforpractisinglanguageortheskillsofspeakingorwriting,weneedtodecidewhethertodoacontrolledpracticeorafreerpracticeactivity,anactivitythatfocusesonaccuracyoroncommunication.Whenchoosingactivitiesfordevelopingskills,weneedtodecidewhichskillorsubskilltofocuson.Lessonsusuallyconsistofaseriesoflinkedactivities.Thereareseveraldifferentwaysoflinkingactivitiesinlessons.Thesearejustsomeofthem:1.PPP:Presentation→controlledpracticeactivities→freerpracticeactivities2.TBL:Discussion→tasks→presentation→focusonform3.Skills-b