世界三大宗教在中国 (英文介绍)A Chinese pespective on world reli

AChinesePerspectiveonWorldReligions中国海洋大学闵锐武6/24/20202MapofChinaHowtheThreeWorldreligionsCameintoChina•Buddhism•Islam•Christianity•CametoChinaindifferentforms•CametoChinaindifferenttimesBuddhism•EnteredChinaintheEasternHandynasty•About67ADTheFirstBuddhistTempleBuddhismgrewinpopularityIslam•EnteredChinainAD651•CamealongSilkRoad•Goodwillmission•Businessmode.SilkRoadIslamSpreadsinChina•Laterthebelieversdispersedthelivingpatternthroughoutthedistributionofsmallconcentrated,formingHui,Uyghurandother8IslamicnationalitiesinChina.MuslimsinChina•Official:+/-20millions•PredominantMuslims:•(a)TheTurkicgroup:Uyghur(8.4million)Kazakh(1.25million)Kirghiz(161’000)Uzbek(12’000)Tatar(5’000)Salar(105’000)•(b)TheMongolgroup:Tung-hsiang(Dongxiang)(514’000)Puo-an(Baoan)(17’000)•(c)TheIraniangroup:Tadjiks(41’000)•(d)ThedescendentArabicbusinessmen:Hui(9.8million)SpreadingofIslam•ThespreadingofIslamiccultureinNorthwestsoonreplacedtheBuddhistculturewhichhadexistedforhundredsofyears.Guesswhatisthis?X’ianMosqueMengatheringforFridayPrayersChineselookingtabletChristianity•SeveralattemptstospreadinChina•EndedinfailureChristianityintroducedtoChina•TangDynasty(618-907AD)•Atthattime,itgotaChinesename,“JingJiao”(大唐景教).In635AD,SyrianmissionaryRabuncametoChang’analongtheSilkRoad.TabletRecordstheSpreadofChristianityinTangDynastyDevelopmentofChristianityinChineseHistorya.EarlyTangDynasty——emperorssupportedthedevelopmentofJingJiaob.TheendofTangDynasty——JingJiaohaditsrapidspreadinginMongoliaDevelopmentContinuedc.YuanDynasty(1271-1368)——theroyalfamiliesbroughtJingJiaobacktoitsgoverningareasinChinad.LateMingDynasty(1368-1644)——CatholicismwasintroducedtoChina(MatteoRicci‎)e.AftertheFirstOpiumWar(1842)——arapidperiodofdevelopmentthankstotheunequaltreatmentGeneralChineseAttitudesTowardReligion•Polytheisticandpractical.•MixofBuddhismwithTaoism,andmanypeoplebelieveinbothBuddhismandTaoism.•Atweddingsorfunerals,theywouldinvitebothBuddhistandTaoistmonks.AtFuneralChinesePolytheisticAttitudes•HanNationalityhasthreecharacteristics:1.itadoptsacompatibleandinclusiveattitude;2.ForeignreligionmustbelocalizedandnationalizedanddevelopedintoareligionwithitsschoolsandtheorieswithnationalcharacteristicssoastoexistanddevelopinharmonywithChinesesociety;3.Buddhistcultureisthoughttobepracticalandotherreligionsshouldhavepracticalcharacteristics.Why??6/24/2020261.Chinesereligionisinclusive6/24/2020272.Itishumanistic,concernedwithpeopleinthisworld6/24/2020283.Itistransformative–seekstomakeyouadifferent,betterperson•Daoism:–Mentalandphysicaltransformationintoanimmortal•(e.g.alchemy)6/24/2020293.Itistransformative–seekstomakeyouadifferent,betterperson•Confucianism:Mentaltransformationintoamorallyperfectperson6/24/2020304.ItisethicalEverythingisseenasanethicalsituationandethicsarerelational;thereareNOabsolutesinethicaldealings6/24/2020315.Itemphasizeschange.NothingisstaticandYin-Yangaretheagentsofchange6/24/2020326.Itstressesthatallgodswereoncehumanandthusunderstandhumanconcerns6/24/2020337.Itisconcernedwithhelpingpeopleachievethefourgoalsoflife:•Longlife•Manychildren•Highposition•WealthBuddhismgoddessGuanyinGodofwarandfortuneGuanDiPresentdevelopmentofthe3majorreligionsinChina:•FolkreligionsandTaoism(30%)•Buddhism(18%)•Christianity(4%)•Ethnicminoritiesindigenousreligions(includingVajrayanaandTheravada)(4%)•Islam(2%)•Agnosticoratheist(42%)ReligioninRuralChina(2008survey,excludingcitiesandautonomousregions)•FolkreligionsandTaoism(31.8%)•Buddhism(10.85%)•Protestantism(3.54%)•Catholicism(0.39%)•Agnosticoratheist(53.41%)BuddhismToday•TotalnumberofChineseBuddhists18%to20%ofthetotalpopulation•300millionpeople•ChinahasmostBuddhistadherentsintheworld•JapanissecondBuddhismToday•AccordingtoChinaStateAdministrationforReligiousAffairs–13,000Buddhisttemples–200,000Buddhistmonksandnuns.EthnicMinorityGroupsthatPracticeBuddhisminChinaMulam(alsopracticeTaoism)207,352GuangxiJingpo132,143YunnanMaonan(alsopracticePolytheism)107,166GuangxiBlang92,000YunnanAchang33,936YunnanJing(alsopracticeTaoism)22,517GuangxiDe'ang17,935YunnanTheContrastingFacesofChineseBuddhismtodayDabeiTempleTheonlymonasteryinChinatodaywithnoDonationBox.LocatedinfarawayHaicheng,theSanghathereupholdtheVinayastrictly,eatingonlyonemealadayanddonottouchmoney.ShaolintempleTheancientfoundingsiteofChanBuddhism&ShaolinKungfu,nowthemaintouristattractioninHenan,thepillarofthecounty'seconomy.VenMiaoxiang,abbotofDabeiTempleYongxinShe,ShaolinTempleAbbotCEOoftheShaolinCorporationTravelingonlyinthemostluxuriousEuropeancar.Travellingaroundonlyonfoot.KungfuTheKungfuperformersofShaolinstrikingaposeforthecamera.PindapataalmsTheSanghaofDabeiTempleontheirmorningPindapataalmsround.IslaminChinaToday•IslamethicsandConfucianareveryclose•HavegoodrelationswithHanpeopleIslamRevival•TodayIslamisexperiencingarevival.•UpsurgeinIslamicexpressionandmanynation-wideIslamicassociationshaveorganizedtocoordinateinter-ethnicactivitiesamongMuslims.•MuslimsarefoundineveryprovinceinChina.GrandMosque,GuangzhouInsideMuslimsinPrayerMuslimStreet,Xi’an6/24/2020Poceski-Christian