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JANUARY2004PolicyDepartmentEconomicandScientificPolicyOUTLOOKOFENERGYSTORAGETECHNOLOGIES(IP/A/ITRE/FWC/2006-087/Lot4/C1/SC2)STUDYIP/A/ITRE/ST/2007-07PE401.006ThisstudywasrequestedbytheEuropeanParliament'scommitteeonIndustry,ResearchandEnergy(ITRE)OnlypublishedinEnglish.Authors:Dr.ChrisNaishDr.IanMcCubbinMr.OliverEdbergMrMichaelHarfootAdministrator:CamillaBursiPolicyDepartmentEconomyandScienceDGInternalPoliciesEuropeanParliamentRueWiertz60-ATR00L008B-1047BrusselsTel:+32-2-2832233Fax:+32-2-2846929E-mail:camilla.bursi@europarl.europa.euManuscriptcompletedinFebruary2008.TheopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheofficialpositionoftheEuropeanParliament.Reproductionandtranslationfornon-commercialpurposesareauthorisedprovidedthesourceisacknowledgedandthepublisherisgivenpriornoticeandreceivesacopy.RueWiertz–B-1047Bruxelles- 32/2.284.43.74Fax:32/2.284.68.05Palaisdel‘Europe–F-67000Strasbourg- 33/3.88.17.25.56Fax:33/3.88.36.92.14E-mail:poldep-esc@europarl.europa.euIP/A/ITRE/ST/2007-07PE401.006TABLEOFCONTENTSExecutiveSummary..................................................................................................................i1.EnergyStorage................................................................................................................11.1Introduction........................................................................................................11.2ScopeofthisStudy.............................................................................................31.3ApplicationsofEnergyStorageTechnologies...................................................31.3.1ElectricityNetworkEnergyStorage.........................................................41.3.2TransportandMobilityEnergyStorageApplications..............................51.4EconomicsofEnergyStorage............................................................................61.4.1Economics-electricitynetworkenergystorage.......................................61.4.2Economics–batteryelectricvehicles.......................................................71.5EnergyStorageandGreenhouseGasEmissions................................................71.5.1ElectricityNetworkEnergyStorageandGreenhouseGasEmissions......71.5.2EnergyStorageinTransportandGreenhouseGasEmissions..................81.6EnvironmentalandRegulatoryissuesforEnergyStorage.................................82.InventoryofEnergyStorageTechnologies................................................................112.1AdvancedBatterySystems...............................................................................112.1.1Supercapacitors.......................................................................................112.1.2NickelBatteries.......................................................................................122.1.3LithiumBatteries....................................................................................122.1.4Lead-AcidBatteries................................................................................142.1.5FlowBatteries.........................................................................................142.1.6Metal-AirBatteries.................................................................................162.1.7Sodium-SulphurBatteries.......................................................................172.2FluidStorage....................................................................................................192.2.1PumpedHydro-Electric..........................................................................192.2.2CompressedAirEnergySystems(CAES)..............................................192.3MechanicalSystems.........................................................................................202.3.1Flywheels................................................................................................202.4Electro-MagneticSystems................................................................................222.4.1SuperconductingMagnetEnergyStorage(SMES)................................222.5TransportSystems............................................................................................232.6HydrogenforEnergyStorage...........................................................................232.6.1HydrogenforElectricityTransmissionandDistribution........................232.6.2HydrogenforTransportandMobility.....................................................252.7Summary..........................................................................................................273.ResearchandDevelopmentProgrammes...................................................................313.1EuropeanResearch...........................................................................................313.2InternationalEnergyAgency............................................................................323.3Conclusion...................................................................................................