APracticalCourseonEnglish&ChineseTranslation2016学年春季学期TencontrastivepairsoffeaturesbetweenEnglish&ChineseDifferentlanguagefamiliesIndo-European印欧语系Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系TencontrastivepairsoffeaturesbetweenEnglish&Chinese1英语多综合语特征(synthetic),汉语典型分析语(analytic)2英语重形合(Hypotaxis/hypotactic),汉语重意合(Parataxis/paratactic)3英语偏刚性(Rigid),汉语偏柔性(Supple)4英语重物称(Impersonal);汉语重人称(Personal)5英语多被动(Passive);汉语多主动(Active)6英语静态(Static)语言;汉语动态(Dynamic)语言TencontrastivepairsoffeaturesbetweenEnglish&Chinese7英语多替换(Substitutive);汉语多重复(Repetitive)8英语多抽象(Abstract);汉语多具体(Concrete)9英语多繁复(Complex);汉语多简短(Simplex)10英语多间接(Indirect);汉语多直接(direct)语言1综合语与分析语(Syntheticvs.Analytic)综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。Asyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelations”.分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。Ananalyticlanguageis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms”.Latin:asyntheticlanguageEnglish:asynthetic-analyticlanguageChinese:atypicalanalyticlanguage形合与意合(Hypotacticvs.Paratactic)形合指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausewithconnectives.Forexample,Ishallgoifyoudon’tcome.意合指的是词语或分词之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.1英语的形合法2汉语的意合法英语的形合法英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词语分句或从句,注重显性接应(overtcohesion),注重句子形式,注重结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式(cohesiveties)不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分频繁:1.关系词和连接词。关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词,如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词,如and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,(n)either…(n)or…及when,while,as,since,until,so…that,unless,lest等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。如:IhaveadreamthatonedaythestateofAlabama,whosegovernor’slipsarepresentlydrippingwiththewordsofinterpositionandnullification,willbetransformedintoasituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithlittlewhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers.IhaveadreamthatonedaythestateofAlabama,whosegovernor’slipsarepresentlydrippingwiththewordsofinterpositionandnullification,willbetransformedintoasituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithlittlewhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers.我梦想有一天,阿拉巴马州能够有所转变,尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议,反对联邦法令,但有朝一日,那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能够与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉,携手并进。Itwasaplacewherepeoplehadjustsettleddown,andbeyondthesettlementitwasjustwild,uncultivatedlandexceptfortheIndianpeoplewhohadlivedthereintheircommunitiesforthousandsofyears.Itwasaplacewherepeoplehadjustsettleddown,andbeyondthesettlementitwasjustwild,uncultivatedlandexceptfortheIndianpeoplewhohadlivedthereintheircommunitiesforthousandsofyears.那只是人们住的一块地方,在居住地外是荒野,除了在那里居住了几千年印第安部落外,有的只是没开垦的土地。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者,事竟成WhatIhavetodo,Ihavetocatcheverybodyiftheystarttogooverthecliff--Imeaniftheyarerunningandtheydon’tlookwheretheyaregoingIhavetocomeoutfromsomewhereandcatchthem.WhatIhavetodo,Ihavetocatcheverybodyiftheystarttogooverthecliff--Imeaniftheyarerunningandtheydon’tlookwheretheyaregoingIhavetocomeoutfromsomewhereandcatchthem.我就站在那陡峭的悬崖边上,我的职责就是抓住那些往悬崖奔来的孩子--我是说孩子们都在狂奔,可能没有注意到自己是在往哪跑,我得冲出来把他们拦住。《TheCatcherintheRye》2.介词。介词包括简单介词如(with,to,in,of,about,between,through)、合成介词(如inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout)和成语介词(如accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto)。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段R.Bander指出:“Aprepositionmaybedefinedasaconnectingwordshowingtherelationofanounorsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinthesentence….PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechand….Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvesthesenineprepositions:with,to,from,at,in,of,by,forandon.”英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词,如:It’saboutablindwomanleadingamanwithgoodeyesighttohishomeinadensefog.Noonecancheatyououtofultimatesuccessbutyourselves.-----Emersoncheat:deprivesomebodyofsomethingbydeceitIt’saboutablindwomanleadingamanwithgoodeyesighttohishomeinadensefog.它讲的是在一次大雾中一个盲女领着一个视力很好的男人回家的事。Noonecancheatyououtofultimatesuccessbutyourselves.-----Emerson除非你自己承认失败,谁都无法阻止你最终获得成功。3.其他连接手段,如形态变化形式,包括词缀变化,动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化(如性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等)及其保持前后一致的关系(grammaticalandnotionalconcordance),广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系,以及使用“it”和“there”作替补词(expletives)起连接作用等等。英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段,把各种成分连接起来,构筑成长短句子,表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。二、汉语的意合法汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐形连贯(covertcoherence),注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能、意义,注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多:没有过从为英语常用的关系连词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词,介词数量少,大约30个。汉语中一些介词,如“在”“拿”“用”“进”“向”“沿”“过”“从”“为”等,原均为动词。介词和连词常常可以省略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,用了反而显得多余。汉语没有词的形态变化,没有it和there这类替补词,代词也用得较少,总之,“尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置”,重意合而不重形合,词语之间的关系常在不言之中,语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段:1语序。汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复句,但分句含义“有主有次。从句若前置,一般有“因为”、“如果”、“即使”等含义。据统计,汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时,不用关联词。先“因”后“果”,几乎不用“因为”,属常态;先“果”后“因”,大多用“因为”,属变态。2运用反复、排比、对照、对偶等整齐、匀称句式代替关联词的运用。(1)种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。Asyousow,sowillyoureap.(2)宁为玉碎,不为瓦全。Diewithhonor,ratherthansurvivewithshame.3四字成语。四字成语在汉语里运用很广,其