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动词不定式•动词不定式表目的，表将来一、不定式结构作主语Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.考点1:注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”,表评价意义.如：It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.做主语时，todo表一次性将来的动作，doing表习惯性的动作二、不定式结构作表语1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.考点2:2．主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等抽象名词为中心词的名词词组，或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注：主语是以what,all,theonlything开头的包含do的句子中,动词不定式中to可以省略.如：Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.toblame,todo常用主动表被动.Heistoblame.Muchremainstodo.三、不定式结构作动词宾语1．考点3:“动词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,attempt,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,strive,等，例如：I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’tthink/expecttofindyouhere.2．“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注①：我们可以用it作形式宾语,用动词不定式作实际宾语.例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注意prefer的用法A.prefertodoIprefertostayathome.B.prefersth.tosth./preferdoingsth.todoingsth.Ipreferteatocoffee.Iprefersingingtodancing.C.prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.Iprefertogoswimmingratherthangoboating.四、不定式结构作定语1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.如果该被修饰的名词有其他后置定语,动词不定式往往放在后置定语之后.例如:Ihavegotsomethingveryimportanttotellyou.2．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：考点4:Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.Youshouldhavenothingtoworryabout.3．有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组，如：Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.五、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1．表示目的：Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上2句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时，通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas，如：HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.注③：考点5:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但却不可以加上soas，如：Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.2.表示结果：WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：I’monlytoogladtogo.(=I’mverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)〖onlytoo(adv.)极;非常;太;很〗不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生例如：Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.I’mgladtoseeyou.)七、不定式的完成式有下列用法1．构成复合谓语，如：(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.2．在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：(=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.)Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.(=I’msorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.4．有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.（主语）Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.（定语）Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.（复合宾语）Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.（复合宾语)类推如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法1．构成复合谓语，如：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2．在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：Hepretendedtobelisteningatten