Global-Cancer-Statistics--2012

GlobalCancerStatistics,2012LindseyA.Torre,MSPH1;FreddieBray,PhD2;RebeccaL.Siegel,MPH3;JacquesFerlay,ME4;JoannieLortet-Tieulent,MSc5;AhmedinJemal,DVM,PhD6Cancerconstitutesanenormousburdenonsocietyinmoreandlesseconomicallydevelopedcountriesalike.Theoccurrenceofcancerisincreasingbecauseofthegrowthandagingofthepopulation,aswellasanincreasingprevalenceofestablishedriskfactorssuchassmoking,overweight,physicalinactivity,andchangingreproductivepatternsassociatedwithurbanizationandeconomicdevelopment.BasedonGLOBOCANestimates,about14.1millionnewcancercasesand8.2milliondeathsoccurredin2012worldwide.Overtheyears,theburdenhasshiftedtolessdevelopedcountries,whichcurrentlyaccountforabout57%ofcasesand65%ofcancerdeathsworldwide.Lungcanceristheleadingcauseofcancerdeathamongmalesinbothmoreandlessdevelopedcountries,andhassurpassedbreastcancerastheleadingcauseofcancerdeathamongfemalesinmoredevel-opedcountries;breastcancerremainstheleadingcauseofcancerdeathamongfemalesinlessdevelopedcountries.Otherleadingcausesofcancerdeathinmoredevelopedcountriesincludecolorectalcanceramongmalesandfemalesandprostatecanceramongmales.Inlessdevelopedcountries,liverandstomachcanceramongmalesandcervicalcanceramongfemalesarealsoleadingcausesofcancerdeath.Althoughincidenceratesforallcancerscombinedarenearlytwiceashighinmoredevelopedthaninlessdevelopedcountriesinbothmalesandfemales,mortalityratesareonly8%to15%higherinmoredevel-opedcountries.Thisdisparityreflectsregionaldifferencesinthemixofcancers,whichisaffectedbyriskfactorsanddetectionpractices,and/ortheavailabilityoftreatment.Riskfactorsassociatedwiththeleadingcausesofcancerdeathincludetobaccouse(lung,colorectal,stomach,andlivercancer),overweight/obesityandphysicalinactivity(breastandcolorectalcancer),andinfection(liver,stomach,andcervicalcancer).Asubstantialportionofcancercasesanddeathscouldbepreventedbybroadlyapplyingeffectivepreventionmeasures,suchastobaccocontrol,vaccination,andtheuseofearlydetectiontests.CACancerJClin2015;65:87-108.VC2015AmericanCancerSociety.Keywords:cancer,epidemiology,healthdisparities,incidence,survival.IntroductionCancerisaleadingcauseofdeathinbothmoreandlesseconomicallydevelopedcountries;theburdenisexpectedtogrowworldwideduetothegrowthandagingofthepopulation,particularlyinlessdevelopedcountries,inwhichabout82%oftheworld’spopulationresides.Theadoptionoflifestylebehaviorsthatareknowntoincreasecancerrisk,suchassmoking,poordiet,physicalinactivity,andreproductivechanges(includinglowerparityandlaterageatfirstbirth),havefurtherincreasedthecancerburdeninlesseconomicallydevelopedcountries.Inthisarticle,weprovideanoverviewoftheglobalcancerburden,includingtheestimatednumberofnewcancercasesanddeathsin2012andtheincidenceandmortalityratesbyregionforselectedcancersites.ThesestatisticsarebasedonGLOBOCANworldwideestimatesofcancerincidenceandmortalityproducedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)for2012.1Wecommentonthescaleandprofilesofcancerworldwideandassociatedriskfactorsforanumberofcommoncancers,alongsidepreventivemeasuresthathavethepotentialtoreducethefuturecancerburden.DataSourcesandMethodsDatafromGLOBOCAN2012,producedbytheIARC,wereused.1GLOBOCANprovidesestimatesofcancerincidence,mortality,andprevalenceworldwide,andforcountriesandregions.Incidencedataarederivedfrompopulation-basedcan-cerregistries(PBCR)thatmaycapturethepopulationofanentirecountrybutmoreoftencoversmaller,subnationalareas,1Epidemiologist,SurveillanceandHealthServicesResearch,AmericanCancerSociety,Atlanta,GA;2Head,SectionofCancerSurveillance,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,Lyon,France;3DirectorofSurveillanceInformation,SurveillanceandHealthServicesResearch,AmericanCancerSoci-ety,Atlanta,GA;4InformaticsOfficer,SectionofCancerSurveillance,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,Lyon,France;5SeniorEpidemiolo-gist,SurveillanceandHealthServicesResearch,AmericanCancerSociety,Atlanta,GA;6VicePresident,SurveillanceandHealthServicesResearch,AmericanCancerSociety,Atlanta,GACorrespondingauthor:LindseyA.Torre,MSPH,SurveillanceandHealthServicesResearch,AmericanCancerSociety,250WilliamsSt,NW,Atlanta,GA30303;[e-mail]:Theauthorsreportnoconflictsofinterest.doi:10.3322/caac.21262.Availableonlineatcacancerjournal.comVOLUME65_NUMBER2_MARCH/APRIL201587CACANCERJCLIN2015;65:87–108suchasurbanenvironmentslikemajorcities.Althoughthequalityofinformationfromlessdevelopedcountriesisoftenconsideredlimitedcomparedwiththatfrommoredevelopedcountries,PBCRareakeysourceofinformationonthelocalscaleandprofileofcancerandarecriticalindevelopingandevaluatingcancercontrolprograms.ThetotalnumberofcancerdeathsbycountryarecollectedannuallyandaremadeavailablebytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).2Theadvantagesofthissourceofdataareitsnationalcoverageandlong-termavailability,althoughnotalldatasetsareofthesamequalityorcompleteness.IncidenceandmortalityrateswereestimatedusingGLOBOCAN1bycountry,usingthemostrecentlyavail-abledatacollectedbytheIARCoravailableinroutinereportsfromtheregistriesthemselves.Thedatasourcesandmethodsaredescrib