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如何写Abstract和introductiontitleSC-III3,anovelscopoletinderivative,inducesautophagyofhumanhepatomaHepG2cellsthroughAMPK/mTORsignalingpathwaybyactingonmitochondriaPengZhaoa,1,YannongDoua,1,LiChenb,LinhuLib,ZhifengWeia,JuntaoYua,XinWua,YueDaia,YufengXiac,⁎aJiangsuKeyLaboratoryofDrugDiscoveryforMetabolicDiseases,DepartmentofPharmacologyofChineseMateriaMedica,ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity,24TongJiaXiang,Nanjing210009,ChinabDepartmentofNaturalMedicinalChemistry,ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity,24TongJiaXiang,Nanjing210009,ChinacDepartmentofChineseMateriaMedicaAnalysis,ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity,24TongJiaXiang,Nanjing210009,China论文题目论文的题目是论文的重要组成部分，是论文的重要信息。论文题目的精妙，常常可起到画龙点睛的作用，题目如果很差，往往会损失整篇论文的信息价值。题目类型可为研究的问题，或研究的结论，或研究的范围。本文就是以研究的结论为题的。论文题目能从总体的角度，用简明、精确的词语反应论文的主要内容和作者要强调的观点，可引导读者去发现并准确的把握论文的要领。论文题目撰写要求Abstract(E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)acrylamide(SC-III3),anewlysynthesizedderivativeofscopoletin,waspreviouslyshowntoreducetheviabilityofHepG2cellsandtumorgrowthofHepG2xenograftmousemodel.ItinducesthedeathofHepG2cellsbyawayirrelevanttoapoptosisandnecrosis.ToshedlightonthecytotoxicmechanismsofSC-III3,thepresentstudyaddresseswhetherandhowitcaninduceautophagiccelldeath.WhenHepG2cellswereincubatedwithvariousconcentrationsofSCIII3,autophagicvacuolescouldbeobservedbytransmissionelectronmicroscopyandmonodansylcadaverinestaining.IncreasedexpressionsofLC3-IItoLC3-IandBeclin-1,requiredforautophagosomeformation,wereaccompanied.ThesecharacteristicsintegrallyindicatedthatSC-III3couldinitiateautophagyinHepG2cells.Nacetyl-L-cysteine(NAC),aROSscavenger,couldreverseSC-III3-causedROSaccumulation,butitdidnotaffectSC-III3-inducedautophagy,suggestingthatROSwasnotinvolvedinSC-III3-mediatedautophagyinHepG2cells.SC-III3significantlydepressedmitochondrialfunction,asevidencedbydisruptionofmitochondrialtransmembranepotentialandlossofthemitochondrialcristaestructure,aswellasdecreaseofCox-I,Cox-III,Cox-IV,andATPlevels.TheautophagyandactivationofAMPK–TSC2–mTOR–p70s6kpathwaysinducedbySC-III3inHepG2cellscouldbeefficientlyblockedbypre-treatmentsofcompoundC(aninhibitorofAMPK).Moreover,additionofextracellularATPtothecellculturemediacouldreverseSC-III3-causedactivationofAMPK–TSC2–mTOR–p70s6kpathway,autophagyandcellviabilitydecreaseinHepG2cells.Collectively,SC-III3leadstoautophagythroughinducingmitochondrialdysfunction,depletingATP,andactivatingAMPK–mTORpathway,whichthusreflectsthecytotoxiceffectofSC-III3inHepG2cells.以前研究发现的现象设想可能的引起现象的原因，即本文的目的为验证目的所做的实验进一步研究引起现象所涉及的细胞内通路本文最终结论本文Abstract的写作思路简单的概括的本文章的内容1、简单描述了目前的某方向或某物质的研究成果及所遇到的现象问题。如本文介绍了目前SC-III3体内外对肝癌的抑制作用，的但是其机制并不是人们普遍认为坏死或凋亡引起的作用。2、提出解决问题的方法或引起现象的可能原因，也就是本文的目的。如本文说可能是通过自噬来发挥抗肿瘤作用的。3、为支持论点所进行的实验研究。如本文为确认是否是引起自噬而作的一系列研究如TEM检测自噬泡，荧光染色检测自噬强弱，western-blot检测自噬祥光蛋白增减等，如有需要，进一步研究引起现象的新原因所涉及的更深层的机理。就本文则是研究引起自噬所涉及的细胞内通路。4、最终得出文章论点，如本文论点，SCIII通过AMPK/mTOR通路作用于线粒体而引起肝细胞自噬。Abstract基本就是从以上四点非常简明准确，概括的说明了文章的重心，重点，及所涉及的内容。Abstract基本写作规则因abstract位于正文前，中文200-300字，英文为100-500字。因其篇幅有限，必须十分简练，直截了当。以英文摘要为例，英文摘要的写作原则为：1）准确2）简练3）清晰Abstract的要素目前大部分文章用的是结构式摘要（综述除外），要素包括主要包括1.目的（object）2.方法（method）3.结果（result）4.结（conclusion）1.中文摘要前要加“摘要”，英文前要加Absdtract，作为标志。2、尽量用短句，少用复合句，避免使用长串的形容词修饰名词，动词尽量靠近主语。3、以重要事实开头，不以辅助从句开头，叙述要完整，清楚简明，并避免句型单一。提倡使用公知的缩略语，不常用的或新的术语首次出现用全称，以后用简写。4、摘要中不要出现公式，图表及特殊字符。5、不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准外语。6、要着重反应新内容和作者特别强调的观点。7、用第三人称写法Abstract写作注意事项IntroductionHepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC),oneofthemostcommonlethalmalignancies,severelyimpactsthehealthandeventhelivesofpatients[1].Surgicalresection,livertransplantation,andchemotherapyconstitutethemainmodalitiesofHCCtherapy[2].However,HCCisusuallydiagnosedatanadvancedstageorwithprogressionafterlocoregionaltherapyandhasadismalprognosis,owingtotheunderlyingliverdiseaseandthelackofeffectivetherapeuticoptions[3,4].Therefore,noveltherapeuticdrugsareurgentlyneededtoimprovetheefficacyofHCCtherapy.Scopoletin(6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin),acoumarincompoundpresentinmanyplants,hasbeenproventopossessawiderangeofpharmacologicalproperties,suchasanti-angiogenic,antiinflammatoryandhypouricemicactivities[5–9].Inrecentyears,theanti-tumoreffectsofscopoletinhavealsobeenreported.Forinstance,itwasshowntoinhibithumanprostatetumorcellsandleukemiacellsthroughinducingcellcyclearrestandtriggeringapoptosis[10,11].However,eitherinvitroorinvivoanti-tumoreffectofscopoletinisfarlessprofound,andahigheliminationrateleadsitsinvivoeffecttomaintainonlyafewminutes.Somederivativesofscopoletinhavebeenreportedtoexhibitbetteranti-tumoreffectsinvitroandinvivothanscopoletin[12].WerecentlysynthesizedaseriesofnewscopoletinderivativeswithdifferentsubstituentsandfoundedthatSC-III3,oneofthenovelscopoletinderivatives,showedpotentanti-tumoractivityatLowerconcentrationsagainstmostofthetestedhumantumorcelllinesinvitro,andsignificantinhibitionofthetransplantedmouseLewislungcarcinomasinvivo[13].Ofnote,SC-III3showedwellinhibitioofthegrowthofhumanhepatomacells(HepG2cells)invitroandinvivobyinducingthegenerationofintracellularROS[14].FurthermechanisticstudiesinHepG2cellsdemonstratedthatSCI