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-1-20201501201.2.2B(30)(40)(15;230)ABCDAWhydontquietcarriageswork,andhowmighttheybemaketo?Quietcarriagesontrainsareaniceidea:travelersvoluntarilymaketheirphonessilent,turnstereosoffandkeepchattertoaminimum.However,inreality,thereisusuallyatleastonesillybabbler()tobreakthesilence.Acoupleofproblemspreventpeacefultrips.First,thereisasortingproblem:somepassengersendupinthequietcarriagebyaccidentandarenotawareoftherules.Second,thereisacommitmentproblem:noiseissometimesmadebytravelerswhochoosethequietcarriagebutfindanimportantcallhardtoignore.Thetrainoperatorsaretryingtofindanswers.TrainsinQueenslandAustralia,arehavingpermanentsignsaddedtoshowexactlywhatisexpected;aBritishoperatorhasinvestedinsometechnologytopreventphonecalls.Microeconomicssuggestsanotherapproach.Finingpeopleformakinganoisewouldsurelydissuade()thepolluterandisaneatsolutionintheory,butitrequirescostlymonitoringandenforcement.Anotherwaywouldbetousepricestoseparatequietandnoisypassengersineffect,creatingamarketforsilence.Asimpleideawouldbetosellaccesstothequietcarriageasanoptionalextrawhentheticketisbought.Makingthequietcoachbothanactivechoiceandacostlyonewoulddissuademanyofthosewhodontvalueapeacefulride.Chargingmayalsosolvethecommitmentproblem.Thisisparticularlytricky,asattitudestonoisecan-2-changeduringthejourney.Somepassengerswouldpaythequietpremiumbutstillchatterawaywhensomevitalnewsarrives.Schemesthatrewardthesilentaratingsystemamongfellowpassengers,forexamplecouldhelp.Theideaisthatlosingyourhard-wonreputationoffsetstheshort-termgainfromusingthephone.Butsuchasystemalsofailsthesimplicitytest.A2010bookbyGeorgeAkerlofandRachelKrantonarguesthatnormsfeelingsabouthoweveryoneshouldbehavealsoplayaroleindecision-making.Chargingaprice,evenifjustatokenamount,meansthequietcarriagebecomesaservicethatfellowpassengershavebought,notjustapreferencetheyhaveexpressed.Perhapsdifferentnormswouldcomeintoplay,encouragingcalm.Ifnot,apersonalbubbleisalwaysanoption:noise-cancelingheadphonesstartataround$50.1.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoesmicroeconomicssuggest?A.Findingthesourceofnoise.B.Puttingapriceonnoise.C.Avoidusingaphoneinthecarriage.D.Investingmoremoneyinmonitoringandenforcement.2.Byapersonalbubbleisalwaysanoption,theauthormeans________.A.onecanmakehisownchoiceB.oneshouldrespectothersprivacyC.onecancreatehisownpersonalspaceD.oneshouldsticktohispersonalbudget3.Thispassageismainlyabout________.A.peoplesfavouredtransportationB.effectivemethodsofmonitoringnoiselevelsC.possiblesolutionstonoiseintraincarriagesD.commonformsofmisbehaviorofpassengersBThegreat-grandmotherislearningEnglishwiththehelpofherfamilywhensheisattheageof91.ShehopestousethelanguageatnextyearsOlympicGamesinTokyo.Takamizawawasoneofthemorethan200,00peoplewhorequestedtovolunteerforTokyos2020Games.Englishisnotrequiredforservice,butitisausefulskillforvolunteerstohave.ButTakamizawahadnotbeenabletolearnthelanguagewhenshewasyoung.TakamizawasaidthatshewasinhighschoolwhenWorldWarTwostarted.Shesaid,Inmysecondyearthere,Englishwasbannedbecauseitwastheenemylanguage.-3-Takamizawasaidhergrandchildrenhelpedpersuadeherthatshewasnottoooldtolearn.WhenItalkedtomygrandchildrenaboutmywish,theysaid,Itsnottoolate.Wewillteachyouonewordaday.NatsukoisTakamizawasgranddaughterandmainEnglishteacher.NatsukosendsanewEnglishwordtohergrandmothersphoneeveryday.TheyalsooftenworktogetherdirectlyonphrasesthatTakamizawawillneedfortheOlympics.WelcometoTokyo,thisistheOlympicstadium,howcanIhelpyou?TakamizawaanswerswhenaskedtosayanEnglishphraseshehaslearned.Natsukoexplainsthatshewantedtogivehergrandmothersomethingtoenjoy.IcanclearlyseeherEnglishisgettingbetter.Itsmyjoynow.TheEFEnglishProficiencyIndexisameasureofthelevelofEnglishspokeninacountry.Japanranks49thamongcountrieswhereEnglishisnotthefirstlanguage.ThissituationisslowlychangingasyoungergenerationswelcomeEnglish.However,TakamizawabelievesrealchangewillnothappenunlessJapanesepeoplebecomemoreopentotherestoftheworld.Witharound500daystogountilthegamesbegin,thewholeTakamizawafamilyisreadytowelcometheworldtoTokyo.4.WhycouldntTakamizawalearnEnglishwhenshewasyoung?A.BecauseEnglishwasuseless.B.BecauseshewastooyoungtolearnEnglish.C.BecauseEnglishwasforbiddentolearn.D.BecauseshewasunwillingtolearnEnglish.5.Whatcanweknowfromthethirdparagraph?A.Takamizawagetsstrongsupportfromherfamily.B.Takamizawasgrandchildrenloveheralot.C.NatsukoisTakamizawasgranddaughterandonlyEnglishteacher.D.NatsukoteachesTakamizawaEnglishmainlybytalkingwithher.6.WhatdoestheunderlinedphraseThissituationinParagraph4referto?A.EnglishisnotthefirstlanguageinJapan.B.ThelevelofEnglishspokeninJapanisrelativelylow.C.YoungergenerationsinJapanwelcomeEnglish.D.Japanesepeoplebecomeopentotherestoftheworld.7.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.B.Itisnevertoolatetolearn.-4-C.Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.D.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.CItisgenerallyacknowledgedthatyoungpeoplefrompoorersocio-economicbackgroundstendtodolesswellintheeducationsystem.Inanattempttohelpthechildrenofpoorfamilies,anationwideprogramcalledHeadstartwasst