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L1FindingfossilmanWecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas----legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstorytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom.Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.Newwordsandexpressionsrecount/ri'kaunt/v.叙述/'rei'kaunt/再数一次record/'rek[d//ri'kC:d/第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount:emotionless重复describedepict：alittleemotionalnarrate：temporal&spacial根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述saga/'sa:g[/n.英雄故事描述的内容mostlyreal北欧海盗活动的故事legend/'ledV[nd/n.传说，传奇unreale.grobinhoodanthropologist/'AnWr['pCl[dVist/n.人类学家anthrop：人philosophere:philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家philanthropist:慈善家（对人有爱心的人）anthropology:人类学带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology生物学geography地理学ecology生态学remote/ri'm[ut/n.遥远ancestor/'Ansest[/n.祖先an-在前面forefather,forebear，predecessor祖先rot/rCt/v.烂掉leavemerot.＝leavemealongrottodeath.soonripe,soonrotten.decay国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose逐渐衰竭deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace/treis/n.痕迹，踪迹tracetheproblemifollowyourtrace＝ifollowwhereyougopolynesia波利尼西亚poly-多polyandric:awifewithmorethanonehusbandpolygeny:ahusbandwithmorethanonewifeflint/flint/n.燧石flintingheartedfossil/'fCsl/n.化石cobble鹅卵石readof读到谈到：speakof,talkof,knowof,hearofneareast：近东mediterranean,southeurope,northafricfareast非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken)languageisearlierthanwrittenlanguage.precede:什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart:twothingsortwopeoplehavethesamepositionoral(spoken)languageisearlierthanwrittencounterpart.preserve:保留，保存（腌制）如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用todosth,而不是doingsth.storyteller:讲故事的人fortuneteller,palmreader:算命先生migration：移民１）migrant２）immigrantv.migrate:迁移，迁徙migratorybird:候鸟none:nobodypeople＋s民族iftheyhadany:即便是有hisrelatives,ifhehadany,neverwenttovisithimwhenhewashospitalized.findout千方百计，费尽周折＝exploremodernmen:themenwhowerelikeourselveshowever－anywhereyouwant,加逗号but,yet－不加标点，onlyatthebeginningofthesentencetherefore－自由so－自由tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备shape:成型；教育，改造mayalsohave:表推测peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮cowhide:牛皮without(any)trace:无影无踪L2SparethatspiderWhy,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossible.forustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglanceforaspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPIESparethatSpiderfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionsflocksandherds牛群和羊群／flCk/thebirdsofthesamefeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分youarethesameflock.也可指人herd多指牛群cowherdcowboythrongandcrowdswarmowevt.感激欠ioweyou.ioweyouabigfavor.欠issueobligeindebtappreciate----常用口语词正式：gratefulthankfulbeastn兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal形容creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．Fraction小部分分数，小数afractionofricewillsufficeonone＇sbehalf代表．．．利益Ibeatyouonyourbehalf.我打你是为你好onbehalfofsomebody/somethinge.gonbehalfofchinesegovernmentonbehalfof＝representauthority/C:＇WCriti/n.权威authorize批准authoritative权威性的authoritarian独裁的－tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者dictatorial独裁的authorities１．权威（可单数可复数）２．当局（复数）census/sens[s/n.统计数据thefifthnationalpopulationcensus.censor审查censorious挑剔的，挑刺的acre/＇eik[/n.英亩１acre＝４０４７squaremetersfootballpitch足球场footballyardfootballcourtfootballfieldbecontentwith满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构Heiscontentwithstatusquo.contentedheart:心满意足的人spare/spZ[/v.不伤害，宽恕sparemeHedoesn'tsparehimself.Isparenoeffortstolearnenglish.(sparenoefforts:不遗余力作什么)Notesonthetextwhy,youmaywonder－youmaywo