1/27一、代词代词中主要讲解六个问题(一)掌握代词的几种格主格、宾格、所有格名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(mybooks)(二)反身代词当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。Hekilledhimself.(他自杀了)Hekilledhim.(他杀了他)例:ResearchersattheUniversityofColoradoareinvestigatingABaseriesofindicatorsthatcouldhelpCthemselvestopredictearthquakes.D分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物(三)代词的单复数,代词的性别在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。例:ThecontinentaldividereferstoanimaginarylineintheNorthAmericanRockiesthatdividesthewatersflowingintotheAtlanticOceanfromitflowingintotheABCDPacific.分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters,it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。2/27Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:Manyofhisworks=muchofhiswork,work都表示作品例:In1920thepresidentialcandidateWarrenHardingcoinedAtheword“normalcy”toexpresssocialandBeconomicconditionstheypromisedthenation.CD分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由WarrenHarding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。例:ManycriticsbelievethatAmyLwell'smostimportantAworkisnotpoetry,buthisbiography,JohnBCKeats,publishedtheyearofherdeath.D分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指AmyLowell.(四)Who和which的区别which指代事物或者动物,who指代人who/whomson往往要改为whoseson,whose可以指代事物例:ThehumanbodycontainsmorethansixhundredmuscleswhoABaccountforapproximatelyfortypercentofthebodyweight.CD分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。人体前面加定冠词the,accountfor占有多大的比例,解释说明3/27(五)that和which的区别介词后面使用which,而不用that,inthat除外例:Whentelevisionwasfirstintroduced,theextenttothatitABwouldaffectsocietycouldnothavebeenforeseen.CD分析:B错,应改为which。Theextenttowhich,介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见(六)定语从句的特殊省略Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why,Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略whenIdorememberthetimeIheardthesweetestvoiceinthewildworld.way后面有定语从句,中间省略了inwhich例:Researchonpainhasbeenneglected,althoughthemainlyABreasonpeopletakemedicineistorelievepain.CD分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中peopletakemedicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略例:CommercialexpansionfromcitytosuburbhasaffectedthewaypeopleintheUnitedStates----.(A)livingandworking(B)theyliveandwork(C)liveandwork(D)toliveandtowork分析:选择C,thewaypeople....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。二、介词介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭4/27配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。(一)介词搭配例:TheteethintheupperjawfunctiontogetherthoseABCinthelowerjawtocut,tear,andgrindfood.D分析:和…一起,应该为togetherwith,C错例:TheAlleghenyMountainrangeisrichofcoal.ABCD分析:B错改为berichin例:TherotationoftheEarthonitsaxisisresponsibletotheABCalternationofperiodsoflightanddarkness.D分析:C错,应改为responsiblefor。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。(二)最重要的两个介词1、介词of多余或者遗漏例:Mosquitoesusuallylayeggs,singlyorinbatches,ontopstagnantwater.ABCD分析:D错,应改为topofstagnant。ontopof…是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。例:ChristopherPlummerisaCanadianactorwhohasABstarredinstage,television,andfilmproductionsonCbothsidestheAtlanticOcean.D5/27分析:D错,应改为sidesofthe。sides为名词,theAtlanticOcean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。2、介词by一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by另一种表示通过……的方式,bydoing例:TheceremonyofmarriageintheUnitedStatesABcanbeperformedfromajusticeofthepeace.CD分析:D错,应改为performedby。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。例:Alongtheeastcoast,AmericanIndianwomen'scouncilsAcouldvetoadeclarationofwaratrefusingtoBCDsupplymoccasinsandfieldrations.分析:D错,应改为byrefusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将atrefusing改为byrefusing。例:AlgebraisthebranchofmathematicsconcernedwithAoperationsonsetsofnumbersorotherelementsBCthatareoftenrepresentedatsymbols.D分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。三、谓语动词(一)谓语动词的主谓一致①、主谓分割原则例1:TothecitizensoftheUnitedStates,thebaldeagle,6/27AAmerica'snationalbird,symbolizestrengthandfreedom.BCD分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语thebaldeagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。②、与后者一致原则not…but,强调but后面的名词,notonly…butalso③、与前者一致原则名词+with/togetherwith/aswellas/including+复数名词,谓语用is,中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致例:Theathlete,togetherwithhiscoachandABCseveralrelatives,aretravelingtotheOlympicGames.D分析:D错,与谓语动词与theathlete保持一致,改为is④、就近原则or,either…or,neither…nor,单数名词+or+复数名词+are如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is所以注意一点:如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数例:ThestructureorbehaviorofmanyprotozoansareABamazinglycomplexforsingle-celledanimals.CD分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。7/27⑤定语从句主语就近原则Therearefiveapplesthatarered.apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。例:ArocketburnspropellantrapidlyandmostrocketsAcarryasupplythatlastjustafewseconds.BCD分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语asupply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。⑥the+形容词主谓一致Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.Therich表示一类人,应该用复数⑦、倒装句的主谓一致改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:a.therebe句型therebe+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式b.between/among放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致例:Therearenoknownsocietyinwhichleft-handedpeoplepredominate.ABCD分析:therebe句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,thereare改为thereis例:BetweenthefoothillsoftheAndesandthePacificABOceanareadrycoastalstripaveragingabout30Cmilesinwidth.D分析:倒装句,are改为is例:AmongthefavoriteattractionsattheNationalAirand8/27ABCSpaceMuseuminWashingtonD.C.arethefilmDpresentedonthefive-story-tallscreen.分析:D