2018年中考英语复习-人教版

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2018年中考英语复习资料总汇(1)名词考点集汇,讲解和训练一、名词【考点直击】1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;2.名词所有格的构成及用法;3.近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors,boy→boys。(2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。(3)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities,factory→factories,country→countries,family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys,day→days。(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。(6)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves,half→halves。复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s]cups,hats,cakes在[s][z][t][][F]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[b][d][][v]等浊辅音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;man,woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:menworkers,womenteachers。有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’walk,an8-year-oldgirl,aten-milewalk。(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics,mathematics/maths游戏名称:bowls专有名词:theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls其他名词:news,falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少,例如:Therichmanhasalotofmoney.Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Isthereanywaterintheglass?Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice.(2)用apieceof这类定语,例如:apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:twocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater不可数名词也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s',例如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,father'sshoes。2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:Children'sDay。3.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's,例如:atwentyminutes'walk,tenmiles'journey,aboat'slength,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。4.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers。5.双重所有格,例如:afriendofmyfather's。【注意】如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John'sandMary'srooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom'sandMary'sbikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:JohnandMary'sroom(约翰和玛丽共有一间);TomandMary'smother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。【实例解析】1.(2004年上海徐汇区中考试题)These_________havesavedmanychildren’slives.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2.(2004年河北省中考试题)Thisis_________bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne’sandJane’sC.Anne’sandJaneD.AnneandJane’s答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s。3.(2004年吉林省中考试题)---Arethereany________onthefarm?---Yes,therearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。4.(2004年佛山市中考试题)---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,________ororange?---Orange,please.A.hamburgerB.chipC.tea答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。【中考演练】一.单项填空1.---Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?---I’vebeento______.A.theHenryhouseB.theHenryfamilyC.TheHenry’shomeD.Henry’s2.InEngland,if____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.A.foodB.lunchC.breakfastD.dinner3.Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven’tfoundit.Whynottry____.A.threetimesB.athirdtimeC.thethirdtimeD.once4.---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?---Certainly.A.somebottlesofwatersB.somebottlesofwaterC.somebottleofwaterD.somebottleofwaters5.Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday.A.toothB.feetC.handD.ear6.Thereissome_______ontheplate.A.cakesB.meatC.potatoD.pears7.InEngland,thelastnameisthe_______.A.familynameB.middleC.givennameD.fullname8.Thearegoingtofly_______toBeijing.A.GermenB.GermanyC.GermanysD.Germans9.The______hastwo_______.A.boys;watchesB.boy;watchC.boy;watchesD.boys;watch10.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.A.toothB.toothsC.teethD.teeths11.What’syour_______forbeinglateagain?A.ideaB.keyC.excuseD.news12.---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.---ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst.A.womanandchildrenB.womenandchildC.womanandchildD.womenandchildren13.---YoucanseeMr.Smithifthereisasign“_______”onthedoorofhisshop.---Thanks.A.ENTRANCEB.BUSINESSHOURSC.THISSIDEUPD.NOSMOKING14.Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon_______?A.Children’sDayB.Childrens’sDayC.ChildrensDayD.ChildrenDay15.Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin_______?A.theRoom406B.Room406C.the406RoomD.406Room二.根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词。1.We’vegotalotofnew________(杂志)inourschoollibrary.2.Pleaseturntoanother_______(频道),Idon’tlikethisshow.3.Yesterdaythe_________(航班)toLondonwasputoffbecauseofthebadweather..4.Autumnismyfavourite(季节)5.---Howmany_______(小刀)doyouhave?---Three.6.__________arewidelyusedinthemodernworld.7.June1stis__________(儿童)Day.8.Mary,wouldyoupleasetellmeyournew________(地址)sothatIcanwritetoyou.9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