GrammarThePastParticiple1.过去分词具有动词的性质,同时兼有形容词或副词的性质,可以拥有自己的逻辑主语,在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。Explanation2.v-ed表示动作已经完成或被动意义eg:fallenleaves落叶(已落下的叶子)eg:Iheardthedoorclosed.我听见门被关上了。3.否定式:not+v-edeg:Heescaped,notseenbyanyone.过去分词所充当的成分:一、作表语(predicative)1.过去分词作表语,表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,其用法相当于adj.,放在系动词后面。eg:Thedoorremainedlockedtill7o’clock.eg:Iampleasedwiththeresultoftheexperiment.(许多v-ed形式已经被当作adj.使用,如:excited,disappointed,moved,puzzled,lost等)注意区别:2.v-ed作表语时,与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。系表结构中的v-ed表示:被动语态中的v-ed表示:主语所处的状态一个被动的动作eg:Thecupisbroken.ThecupwasbrokenbyTom.系表结构表状态被动语态表动作注意比较:3.过去分词v-ed和v-ing作表语的区别:过去分词v-ed:现在分词v-ing:表主语(人)所处的心理状态,个人的感受.“(人)感到...”表主语(物或人)所具有的特征.“(物或人)令人...”eg:surprised/surprising;encouraged/encouraging;moved/moving...Ex:书P14/5,P91/1二、作定语(attribute)1.前置定语:单个的v-ed作定语,一般放在被修饰的n.之前;Ex:书P14/2后置定语:v-ed短语作定语时,常被放在被修饰的n.之后,相当于一个定语从句。eg:anhonoredguest一位受尊敬的客人eg:Theinjuredbirdlayontheground.eg:TheboynamedTomismybrother.eg:aletterwritteninblueink注意:如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those等时,即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。eg:Therewasnobodyinvitedhere.2.v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换:Ex:书P14/3(1)若是vt.的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作,且含有被动意义,可改成v.用被动形式的定语从句。eg:Theletterpostedtodaywillreachyouinaweek.=Theletterwhichwaspostedtodaywill...(2)若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成,不表被动,可改成v.用完成时态的定语从句。eg:aretiredteacher=ateacherwhohasretiredeg:thefallenleaves=theleaveswhichhavefallen注意:分词的完成式一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。我们一般不说Thegirlhavingwontheraceismyfriend.而常说:Thegirlwhohaswontheraceismyfriend.3.v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别:(1)doing作定语------主动,动作正在进行(3)done作定语------被动,动作已完成(2)beingdone作定语------被动,动作正在进行(4)todo作定语------将来要发生的动作(5)havingdone---不能作定语,用定语从句代替注意比较:eg:abrokencup;somesingingbirdsExercise:1.Pricesofdailygoods____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buyingB2.Withalotofdifferentproblems____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettledC3.Don’tusewords,expressionsorphrases____onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.knownD4.WhenIgotback,Isawamessage____tothedoor____“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”A.pin,readB.pinning,readingC.pinned,readingD.pinned,readC.pinned,reading5.Ex:书P13/1三、作宾补(ObjectComplement)v-ed作宾补,表示被动意义或已完成意义,或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系。v-ed作宾补的几大类型的v.:1.在make,get,have,keep,leave等使役动词后面作宾补:eg:Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestnews.请随时把最新消息告诉我们。eg:Whenyouspeak,youhavetomakeyourselfunderstood.说话时要让人听得懂。注意:在have+n./pron.+过去分词,即havesth.done这一结构中,have通常有三种意义。eg:IusuallyhavemyclotheswashedonSundays,butIdon’twashmyclothesmyself.(1)表示“让某人做某事”,v-ed动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。eg:Themuseumhadeverythingrobbedofinthewar.eg:Ihavehadmybikerepaired.(2)表示“遭遇到某种不幸,受到打击”,v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语,而是主语受到这种动作的影响。eg:Theoldmanhadhislegbrokenintheaccident.(3)表示通常意义的“有”。eg:Wehadalotofbooksleftintheclassroom.2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find,think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补:eg:Isawthethiefcaughtbythepoliceman.eg:Wecanhearthewindowsbeatenbytheheavyraindrops.3.在wouldlike,want,like,wish,order,expect,request等表示“希望,想要、要求”的v.后面作宾补:eg:Thebosswouldn’tliketheproblemdiscussedatthemoment.eg:Wewishedtheproblemsettledatonce.4.在介词with/without+n./pron.+v-ed结构中。宾语宾补(宾语和宾补之间有被动关系)eg:Thethiefwasbroughtinwithhishandstiedbehindhisback.eg:Theyleftwithoutaplateuntouched.他们走了,没有一盘菜没动过。注意:with/without+n./pron.+v-ed这一结构在整句话中是作状语的,表原因,结果,方式或伴随情况。注意比较:v-ed,v-ing和todo作宾补的不同:v.+宾+v-ed:v.+宾+v-ing:v.+宾+(to)do:表动作已完成,与宾语之间是被动关系。表动作正在进行或持续动作,与宾语之间是主动关系。表动作将要发生或表动作全过程,与宾语之间是主动关系。1.Wefoundthetrees_______(plant)already.Wefoundmanypeople_______treesthere.plantedplantingExercise:2.Mrs.Whitefoundherhusband_____bylettersandpapersand_____veryworried.A.surrounding;lookingB.surrounded;lookedC.surrounding;lookedD.surrounded;looking四、作状语(Adverbial)v-ed作状语,它与主句的主语构成被动关系,表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句。v-ed作状语的几大类型:(1)作原因状语,相当于as,since,because引导的原因状语从句.eg:Deeplymovedbythefilm,weallcried.=Asweweredeeplymovedbythefilm,weallcried.(2)作时间状语,相当于when,while,before,after引导的时间状语从句.Askedhowhebrokeintotheroom,hemadenoanswer.=Whenhewasaskedhowhebrokeintotheroom,hemadenoanswer.(3)作条件状语,相当于if,unless,once引导的条件状语从句.eg:Givenmoretime,wewoulddotheworkbetter.=eg:Ifweweregivenmoretime,wewoulddotheworkbetter(4)作方式或伴随状语,可位于句首或句末,可扩充为并列句。eg:Theactresscamein,followedbyherfans.=Theactresscamein,andwasfollowedbyherfans.(5)作让步状语,有时可以与although,though,evenif,eventhough等连用eg:Muchtired,myparentsstillkeptonworking.=Althoughtheyweremuchtired,myparentsstillkeptonworking.eg:Thoughbeatenbythem,wewerenotdiscouraged.=eg:Thoughwewerebeatenbythem,wewerenotdiscouraged.注意:过去分词作状语,有时无被动意味,只表示状态,或是固定搭配。1.______inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.A.DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed解析:bedressedinsth.穿着...,表状态2.______withabillfor$10,000,hehastakenanextrajob.A.FacingB.HavingfacedC.TofaceD.Faced解析:befacedwithsth.面对...,是固定搭配比较:v-ed,v-ing,todo作状语的用法(1)v-ed作状语表示:被动的或已完成的动作(2)v-ing作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作,即动作由句子的主语发出,并和谓v.的动作同时发生(3)todo作状语表示:主动的动作,常作“目的,原因,结果”状语Exercises:1.________withotherarchitecture,thisbuildingisspecial.2.________tootherwomen,shewasverylucky.3.________differentcultures,weo