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-1-2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.__1__thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly__2__toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat__3__bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan__4__innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,__5__out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow__6__thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual__7__—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento__8__.Isthereanadaptivevalueto__9__intelligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance__10__atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal__11__ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis__12__themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould__13__onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,__14__,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat__15__animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto__16__thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally__17__,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.__18__,theywouldhopetostudya__19__question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?__20__theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply14.[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]BetterstillSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”-2-carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing[A]casual[B]familiar[C]mechanical[D]changeable.22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe[A]predicted[B]regulated[C]traced[D]guided23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto[A]tracks[B]series[C]characteristics[D]connections24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?[A]preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem