翻译概述

翻译理论与实践Translation:Theory&Practice文化与翻译教研室•第一章翻译概述•第二章确定词义，表达得体•第三章翻译常用的八种技巧•第四章专有名词和其它一些名词的翻译•第五章英汉声色词互译•第六章书名和标题的翻译•第七章Idioms与熟语的翻译第一章翻译概述•什么是翻译？（Definition）•翻译的起源？（Origins）•翻译的标准？（PrinciplesofTranslation）•中西翻译史？（History）什么是翻译？（Definition）张培基EugeneA.Nida钟述孔ZhongShukongCatfordJ.C.张培基翻译的定义：翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。Translationisalinguisticpracticeofemployingonelanguagetorealizethethoughtsexpressedinanotherlanguageexactlyandcompletely.EugeneA.NidaTranslationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.–ByEugeneA.Nida（所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。）ZhongShukong钟述孔Translation,essentially,isthefaithfulrepresentation,inonelanguage,ofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.曾做过周恩来翻译J.C.CatfordTranslationisthe“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)”(J.C.Catford,1965:20).（翻译是用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。）Prof.HuangLongTranslatologyCatford(left)andNordPeterNewmarkTranslationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.(Translating)isrenderingthemeaningofatextintoanotherlanguageinthewaytheauthorintendedthetext.PeterNewmark...translationisfirstascience,whichentailstheknowledgeandverificationofthefactsandthelanguagethatdescribesthem-here,whatiswrong,mistakesoftruth,canbeidentified;secondly,itisaskill,whichcallsforappropriatelanguageandacceptableusage;thirdly,anart,whichdistinguishesgoodfromundistinguishedwritingandisthecreative,theintuitive,sometimestheinspired,levelofthetranslation;lastly,amatteroftaste,whereargumentceases,preferencesareexpressed,andthevarietyofmeritorioustranslationisthereflectionofindividualdifferences.GuoMoruo翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。（郭沫若）Translationiscreativework.Goodtranslationisasgoodaswritingandmaybeevenbetterthanit.GuoZhuzhangItisnoeasyjob,notsoeasyasitissupposed;Translationisdifficulttobemastered.Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage;Itisnotakindofscience;《圣经翻译钦定本》1611年问世于欧洲，这本书的翻译者们在事后对翻译所做的一番比喻。翻译就是把窗户打开，让光线进入房间；翻译就是把贝壳撬开，这样我们便可以品尝里面的肉核；翻译就是撩开窗帘，这样我们便能窥见最圣洁的地方；翻译就是打开井盖，这样我们便可获得水源。Translationitisthatopeneththewindow,toletinthelight;thatbreakeththeshell,thatwemayeatthekernel;thatputtethasidethecurtain,thatwemaylookintothemostholyplace;thatremoveththecoverofthewell,thatwemaycomebythewater.美国翻译家玛格丽特·佩登（MargaretSayersPeden）我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体状态时，每个分子都变换了位置，没有一个分子与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉的，新的分子涌了进来填补空缺，但是这种成形和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块，它虽与原来冰块不同，然而外表看上去却是一模一样的。Iliketothinkoftheoriginalworkasanicecube.Duringtheprocessoftranslationthecubeismelted.Whileinitsliquidstate,everymoleculechangesplace;noneremainsinitsoriginalrelationshiptotheothers.Thenbeginstheprocessofformingtheworkinasecondlanguage.Moleculesescape,newmoleculesarepouredintofillthespaces,butthelinesofmoldingandmendingarevirtuallyinvisible.Theworkexistsinthesecondlanguageasanewicecube--different,buttoallappearancesthesame.翻译的起源？（Origins）•InChina•IntheChristianSociety•ThePresentSituationInChina“佛影胡人记，经文汉语翻”(BuddhaImageswererecordedbytheTartarswhiletheScripturesweretranslatedintoChinese)记录了我国翻译史上的一个特定阶段——佛经翻译。佛教(Buddhism)源自印度，随着教义跨越国界民族，其经典亦被译成不同的语言文字。在我国，佛教经文翻译起源于东汉，发展于六朝，大盛于隋唐。IntheChristianSociety基督教(Christianity)中用来解释世界各民族语言来源的故事叫做通天塔(Babel)。据《圣经·创世纪》(Genesis,Bible)的记载，初始人类想要建一座通天的“巴别塔”，为了阻止人类到达天庭，上帝让他们开始说不同的语言，于是人类的通天梦成为泡影。这也成为了翻译活动的开始。ThePresentSituationToday,morethan3,000languagesarebeingusedintheworld.Eventhemostwidelyusedonesoutnumbersten.Inordertoexchangeinformationofeveryconceivablekindwithothers,soastomakeone’scountryandthewholeworldmorecivilized,amodernexistencemustknowhowtotranslate.ISESPERANTODIFFICULT?LETUSHAVEATEST…GeorgeWalkerBUSHlakvardek-triaPrezidentodeUsono,naskiĝisla6-andejulio1946,enNewHaven,Konektikuto.LiestasfilodeGeorgeHerbertWalkerBush.LiaedzinoestasLauraWelch,kajlaparohavasduĝemel-filinojn,BarbarakajJenna.Dumliaprezidenteco(2001–)okazis:2001–TerorismaatakokontraŭlaĜemelturojkajPentagono,la11-anseptembro2001–InvadoenAfganionkontraŭAlQaedakajlataliboj2002–BushproponaspreventanatakonkontraŭlareĝimodeSaddamHusseinenIrako2003–BushefektivigasmilitonenIrako,kielgvidantodekoaliciokonsistantaelUsono,Britio,Pollando,Japanio,Hispanio…,laŭladoktrinodeBush.2004–PostsiareelektiĝoBushnomissiansekurecankonsilantonCondoleezzaRiceministroprieksterajaferoj.翻译的标准？（PrinciplesofTranslation）•PrinciplesbyChineseTheorists•PrinciplesbyWesternTheoristsPrinciplesbyChineseTheoristsAsisknowntoallChinahasalonghistoryoftranslationfor3000yearsandasystemissaidtohavebeendevelopedwiththerevisionoftranslationnorms.ButthepopularlyreceivednormsaresetupbythosenotedscholarswhomademuchcontributiontothetranslationinChina.Thedevelopmentmaybedescribedasthenormsprevalentindifferenthistoricalperiods.Intheancientperiods,translationwasdonemainlywhenBuddhismwasintroducedtoChina.•Itissaidtha