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BuildingandEnvironment42(2007)1862–1868TechnicalnoteAnintegratedenvironmentalplanforthereuseoftreatedwastewatereffluentsfromWWTPinurbanareasIoannisK.Kalavrouziotisa,,CharisA.ApostolopoulosbaDepartmentofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesManagement,Universityofloannina,G.Seferi2,30100,Agrinion,GreecebDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofPatras,Patras26500,GreeceReceived10February2006;receivedinrevisedform10April2006;accepted6July2006AbstractThereuseoftreatedwastewatereffluentsfromwastewatertreatmentplants(WWTP)isarecentpracticeintheenvironmentalrestorationofmarginalareasincombinationwithtreeandshrubplanting.Inurbanareas,anintegratedapproachtotheapplicationofthispracticeimplies(a)reuseoftreateddomesticwastewaterforirrigationofhardyplantspeciesand(b)designofenvironmentallyfriendlyoutdoorlandscapeincludingtheplantingofspeciesacceptableforirrigationwithsuchkindofwastewater.Theapplicationofthispracticeinurbanareasispossiblethroughthecombinedreuseoftreatedmunicipalwastewatereffluentsinsidebuildingsaswellastowardstheenvironmentalconfigurationofoutdoorspacesincombinationwiththeconcurrentplantingofhardyplantspeciesandtheirparallelirrigationwithsucheffluents,withinthescopeofanintegrated,completereuse.Forthesuccessfulapplicationofsuchaplan,itisimportanttocontinuouslymonitoranumberofparametersconcernedwiththephysical–chemicalpropertiesofwastewatereffluentsheavymetalconcentrationsaswellastheircorrespondingconcentrationsinthesoil,andalsotheircorrosiveeffectsthattakeplacewithinthepipesandthefacilitieswheresuchreuseispractised.Theinstallationofsuchasystemindoorsinurbancomplexes(house,hotels,etc.)forthereuseofmunicipalwastewaterwillmakeavailableconsiderablequantitiesofwaterwiththesimultaneousprotectionoftheenvironmentandthedevelopmentofurbanareas.r2006ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Wastewaterreuse;Urbanplanning;Environment;Corrosion1.IntroductionThereuseoftreatedwastewaterfromwastewatertreatmentplants(WWTP)isaninternationalpracticewithapplicationsonsoil,oncultivatedaswellasmarginalareas,invariousfacilitiesandwithinurbanbuildingcomplexes[1,2].Todate,applicationoftheproposedreuseinGreecehasbeenlimitedmainlytotheirrigationofcultivatedandfallowareas,butactuallyremainslargelyaresearchactivitynationalplan.Inordertoensuresafereuse,thestudyofthepotentialreuseoftreatedmunicipalwastewateronsoilwillconsiderallchemical,geological,geochemical,environmental,andpublichealthparametersrelatedtoland-useecology.Thebasicconsiderationinthesearchforpotentialapplicationsfortheproposedsafereuseoftreatedmunicipalwastewaterfromtreatmentplantsispreventionoftheirdisposalintoaquaticreceptors(creeks,rivers,lakes,thesea),forenvironmentalreasons.Theaimsofsafereuseareasfollows:(a)Substantialincreaseofirrigatedfields,eitherinareasconfrontedwiththelackofsufficientquantitiesofwaterforirrigationorinareaswherethereareknownanddocumentedproblemsassociatedwiththequalita-tivecharacteristicsofthewatersusedforirrigation(highSARvaluesaswellasofheavymetals)[3].(b)Developmentofgreenzonesandareasofrecreationinurbancenters(parks,golfcourses,tenniscourts,urbancomplexareasofpublicuse,fieldsforrelaxation)[4].(c)PreventionofanypotentialpollutionofaquaticandlandecosystemsmainlywhereverstrictrulesofsafetyandoperationalproceduresofWWTParenotobserved.ARTICLEINPRESS:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.016Correspondingauthor.(d)Restorationofmarginalsoilsbymeansofplantingandcultivationofselectedplantspeciesofknownresistancetoheavymetals,andtheirsubsequentirrigationwithtreatedwastewater[5,6].(e)Potentialreusewithinresidentialcomplexes,whereitwouldbepracticableunderconditionsofsecondaryusesandinfireprevention.Afterall,itisawell-knownfactthatintoday’smegacities,residentsusewaterattherateofabout200L/day/capita,allusesincluded[7].TheintegratedplanforthereuseoftreatedwastewaterandsludgegeneratedbyWWTPinmajorcitiesrequiresmonitoringofwastewaterqualitativecharacteristics,whichincludes(a)Potentialmicrobioloadsoftreatedwastewater,morespecificallytheircontentof(i)bacteria:Salmonellaspp.,Escherichiacoli,Shigellaspp.;(ii)protozoa:EntamoebaHistolytica,Giardialamblia;(iii)helminths:Ascarisspp.,Necatoramericanus,Tox-ocanacanis.(b)Heavymetalconcentrationsinthewastewater.(c)WastewaterconcentrationsofAs,Zn,Mn,Ag,Be,Cr,Cu,Li,andSe.Withoutadoubt,thepresenceofthesemetalsinhighconcentrationslimitsthepossibilitiesofthereuseofwastewaterforanumberofvarioususes[8].Thecontrolofmaximumconcentrationsoftheabovemetalsbeforethereuseoftreatedwastewateronthesoil,incultivations,andinvariousinstallationsisthereforenecessaryandbeneficial.(d)Concentrationoforganicchemicalssuchasbenzoyl,oils,tar,phenolics,petroleumproducts,aldehydes,etc.mustbemonitoredsinceatcertainlevelsandcircum-stancestheyaretoxictotheenvironment.2.AnintegratedplanforwastewaterreuseinurbanareasWateroverconsumptioninmeetingurbanneedshasundoubtedlyresultedintheloweringofthewatertableinmanyareas.Inordertoavoidthisproblem,countriesshouldpreservethewatersupplieswhichth